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What happens when a protein denatures?
The protein loses its shape and function due to changes in temperature, pH, etc.
What is the effect of water's high specific heat?
It helps regulate temperatures in organisms and environments.
What is the effect of water's evaporative cooling?
As water evaporates, it takes heat with it, cooling the surface.
What causes water's polarity?
Unequal sharing of electrons between oxygen and hydrogen atoms.
What is the effect of hydrogen bonds in water?
Cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, and high specific heat.
What happens when hydrophobic substances are mixed with water?
They do not mix; they tend to aggregate or separate from the water.
What are the differences between saturated and unsaturated fats?
Saturated Fats: No double bonds, solid at room temperature. | Unsaturated Fats: Have double bonds, liquid at room temperature.
What are the differences between DNA and RNA?
DNA: Double helix, deoxyribose sugar, thymine base. | RNA: Single strand, ribose sugar, uracil base.
What are the differences between cohesion and adhesion?
Cohesion: Water molecules stick to each other. | Adhesion: Water molecules stick to other substances.
What are the differences between short-term and long-term energy storage?
Short-term: Readily available, quick to use (e.g., carbohydrates). | Long-term: Stores more energy, takes longer to access (e.g., lipids).
What are the differences between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?
Dehydration Synthesis: Builds polymers by removing water. | Hydrolysis: Breaks polymers by adding water.
What are the steps of dehydration synthesis?
1. Monomers are positioned to form a bond. 2. A water molecule is removed. 3. A covalent bond forms between the monomers.
What are the steps of hydrolysis?
1. A water molecule is added to the polymer. 2. The bond between two monomers is broken. 3. Two separate monomers are formed.
What are the levels of protein structure?
1. Primary: Sequence of amino acids. 2. Secondary: Local folding (alpha-helices and beta-sheets). 3. Tertiary: 3D shape due to R-group interactions. 4. Quaternary: Multiple polypeptide chains bonded together.