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What are the differences between hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances?
Hydrophilic: Attracted to water, polar | Hydrophobic: Repelled by water, nonpolar
Compare and contrast acids and bases.
Acids: pH < 7, increase \[H_3O^+\] concentration | Bases: pH > 7, increase \[OH^−\] concentration
What is a polar molecule?
A molecule with an unequal distribution of charge, resulting in partial positive and negative charges.
Define hydrophilic.
Substances that have an affinity for water; they are attracted to water.
Define hydrophobic.
Substances that do not have an affinity for water; they are repelled by water.
What is a hydrogen bond?
A weak intermolecular bond formed between a hydrogen atom with a partial positive charge and an electronegative atom with a partial negative charge.
Define cohesion in the context of water.
The attraction between water molecules due to hydrogen bonds.
Define adhesion in the context of water.
The attraction of water molecules to other substances.
Define surface tension.
The property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force, due to the cohesive nature of its molecules.
Define specific heat.
The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius.
Define evaporative cooling.
The process by which a liquid cools as it evaporates, due to the removal of high-kinetic energy molecules.
Define acid.
A substance that increases the hydronium (\[H_3O^+\]) concentration in a solution (releases H⁺).
Define base.
A substance that increases the hydroxide (\[OH^−\]) concentration in a solution (accepts H⁺).
What is the effect of water's high specific heat on biological systems?
It helps regulate temperature in living organisms and large bodies of water, preventing drastic temperature changes.
What is the effect of water's evaporative cooling on living organisms?
It allows organisms to cool down by evaporating water (e.g., sweating).
What is the effect of increased hydronium (\[H_3O^+\]) concentration?
The solution becomes more acidic; pH decreases.
What is the effect of increased hydroxide (\[OH^−\]) concentration?
The solution becomes more basic/alkaline; pH increases.
What causes water's high surface tension?
Cohesion between water molecules at the surface.
What causes water to be a good solvent?
Its polarity and ability to form hydrogen bonds with other polar molecules and ions.