All Flashcards
What are the steps of natural selection?
1: Variation in traits within a population. 2: Differential survival and reproduction based on those traits. 3: Heritability of traits. 4: Change in allele frequencies in the population over time.
What are the steps of the bottleneck effect?
1: A population experiences a drastic reduction in size due to a random event. 2: The surviving individuals have a reduced and potentially non-representative sample of the original population's genetic diversity. 3: The population rebounds, but with altered allele frequencies.
What are the steps of the founder effect?
1: A small group of individuals leaves a larger population to establish a new colony. 2: The founding group's genetic makeup is not representative of the original population. 3: The new colony evolves with different allele frequencies than the original population.
What are the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
1: No mutations. 2: Random mating. 3: No gene flow. 4: No natural selection. 5: Large population size.
What is the definition of natural selection?
The process where organisms with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those traits to their offspring.
What is the definition of adaptation?
A trait that increases an organism's survival and reproductive success in a particular environment.
What is the definition of phenotype?
The observable characteristics or traits of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.
What is the definition of artificial selection?
The process by which humans intentionally breed organisms with desired traits.
What is the definition of genetic drift?
Random fluctuations in allele frequencies within a population, especially pronounced in small populations.
What is the definition of gene flow?
The transfer of genetic material from one population to another.
What is the definition of speciation?
The process by which new species arise from existing ones, often due to reproductive isolation.
What is the definition of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?
A principle stating that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of evolutionary influences.
What are the differences between natural selection and artificial selection?
Natural Selection: Driven by environmental factors, survival and reproduction of the fittest. | Artificial Selection: Driven by human intervention, breeding for desired traits.
What are the differences between genetic drift and gene flow?
Genetic Drift: Random changes in allele frequencies, more impactful in small populations. | Gene Flow: Movement of alleles between populations, introducing new genetic variation.
What are the differences between a phylogenetic tree and a cladogram?
Phylogenetic Tree: Represents evolutionary relationships and time of divergence. | Cladogram: Represents relationships based on shared characteristics, does not necessarily represent time.
What are the differences between the bottleneck effect and the founder effect?
Bottleneck Effect: Population size drastically reduced by a random event. | Founder Effect: A small group starts a new population, not representative of the original population.