All Flashcards
What is the effect of mutation?
Introduction of new genetic variation into a population; can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral.
What is the effect of genetic drift on small populations?
Significant changes in allele frequencies, potentially leading to the loss of genetic diversity.
What is the effect of gene flow between populations?
Increased genetic similarity between the populations and introduction of new alleles.
What is the effect of reproductive isolation?
Can lead to speciation, the formation of new species.
What is the effect of a drought on a finch population with varying beak sizes?
Finches with beak sizes better suited to the available food source (e.g., larger beaks for harder seeds) will have higher survival and reproductive rates.
What are the steps of natural selection?
1: Variation in traits within a population. 2: Differential survival and reproduction based on those traits. 3: Heritability of traits. 4: Change in allele frequencies in the population over time.
What are the steps of the bottleneck effect?
1: A population experiences a drastic reduction in size due to a random event. 2: The surviving individuals have a reduced and potentially non-representative sample of the original population's genetic diversity. 3: The population rebounds, but with altered allele frequencies.
What are the steps of the founder effect?
1: A small group of individuals leaves a larger population to establish a new colony. 2: The founding group's genetic makeup is not representative of the original population. 3: The new colony evolves with different allele frequencies than the original population.
What are the conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
1: No mutations. 2: Random mating. 3: No gene flow. 4: No natural selection. 5: Large population size.
What are the differences between natural selection and artificial selection?
Natural Selection: Driven by environmental factors, survival and reproduction of the fittest. | Artificial Selection: Driven by human intervention, breeding for desired traits.
What are the differences between genetic drift and gene flow?
Genetic Drift: Random changes in allele frequencies, more impactful in small populations. | Gene Flow: Movement of alleles between populations, introducing new genetic variation.
What are the differences between a phylogenetic tree and a cladogram?
Phylogenetic Tree: Represents evolutionary relationships and time of divergence. | Cladogram: Represents relationships based on shared characteristics, does not necessarily represent time.
What are the differences between the bottleneck effect and the founder effect?
Bottleneck Effect: Population size drastically reduced by a random event. | Founder Effect: A small group starts a new population, not representative of the original population.