Natural Selection: Driven by environmental factors, survival and reproduction of the fittest. | Artificial Selection: Driven by human intervention, breeding for desired traits.

Genetic Drift: Random changes in allele frequencies, more impactful in small populations. | Gene Flow: Movement of alleles between populations, introducing new genetic variation.

Phylogenetic Tree: Represents evolutionary relationships and time of divergence. | Cladogram: Represents relationships based on shared characteristics, does not necessarily represent time.

Bottleneck Effect: Population size drastically reduced by a random event. | Founder Effect: A small group starts a new population, not representative of the original population.

The process where organisms with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those traits to their offspring.

A trait that increases an organism's survival and reproductive success in a particular environment.

The observable characteristics or traits of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

The process by which humans intentionally breed organisms with desired traits.

Random fluctuations in allele frequencies within a population, especially pronounced in small populations.

The transfer of genetic material from one population to another.

The process by which new species arise from existing ones, often due to reproductive isolation.

A principle stating that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of evolutionary influences.

Introduction of new genetic variation into a population; can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral.

Significant changes in allele frequencies, potentially leading to the loss of genetic diversity.

Increased genetic similarity between the populations and introduction of new alleles.

Can lead to speciation, the formation of new species.

Finches with beak sizes better suited to the available food source (e.g., larger beaks for harder seeds) will have higher survival and reproductive rates.