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  1. AP Calculus
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How to find g′(x)g'(x)g′(x) if g(x)=∫axf(t)dtg(x) = \int_{a}^{x} f(t) dtg(x)=∫ax​f(t)dt?

Apply the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus: g′(x)=f(x)g'(x) = f(x)g′(x)=f(x).

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How to find g′(x)g'(x)g′(x) if g(x)=∫axf(t)dtg(x) = \int_{a}^{x} f(t) dtg(x)=∫ax​f(t)dt?

Apply the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus: g′(x)=f(x)g'(x) = f(x)g′(x)=f(x).

How to find g′(x)g'(x)g′(x) if g(x)=∫au(x)f(t)dtg(x) = \int_{a}^{u(x)} f(t) dtg(x)=∫au(x)​f(t)dt?

Apply the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus and the Chain Rule: g′(x)=f(u(x))cdotu′(x)g'(x) = f(u(x)) cdot u'(x)g′(x)=f(u(x))cdotu′(x).

How to find g′(c)g'(c)g′(c) given g(x)=∫axf(t)dtg(x) = \int_{a}^{x} f(t) dtg(x)=∫ax​f(t)dt?

First find g′(x)g'(x)g′(x) using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, then evaluate g′(c)g'(c)g′(c).

How to find F′(x)F'(x)F′(x) if F(x)=∫u(x)bf(t)dtF(x) = \int_{u(x)}^{b} f(t) dtF(x)=∫u(x)b​f(t)dt?

First, switch the limits: F(x)=−∫bu(x)f(t)dtF(x) = -\int_{b}^{u(x)} f(t) dtF(x)=−∫bu(x)​f(t)dt. Then, F′(x)=−f(u(x))cdotu′(x)F'(x) = -f(u(x)) cdot u'(x)F′(x)=−f(u(x))cdotu′(x).

How to find g′(x)g'(x)g′(x) if g(x)=∫u(x)v(x)f(t)dtg(x) = \int_{u(x)}^{v(x)} f(t) dtg(x)=∫u(x)v(x)​f(t)dt?

Split the integral: g(x)=∫0v(x)f(t)dt−∫0u(x)f(t)dtg(x) = \int_{0}^{v(x)} f(t) dt - \int_{0}^{u(x)} f(t) dtg(x)=∫0v(x)​f(t)dt−∫0u(x)​f(t)dt. Then, g′(x)=f(v(x))v′(x)−f(u(x))u′(x)g'(x) = f(v(x))v'(x) - f(u(x))u'(x)g′(x)=f(v(x))v′(x)−f(u(x))u′(x).

How do you evaluate ddx∫2x3cos⁡(t)dt\frac{d}{dx} \int_{2}^{x^3} \cos(t) dtdxd​∫2x3​cos(t)dt?

Apply the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus and the chain rule: cos⁡(x3)cdot3x2\cos(x^3) cdot 3x^2cos(x3)cdot3x2.

How do you find F′(x)F'(x)F′(x) if F(x)=∫5x(t2+1)dtF(x) = \int_{5}^{x} (t^2 + 1) dtF(x)=∫5x​(t2+1)dt?

Apply the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus: F′(x)=x2+1F'(x) = x^2 + 1F′(x)=x2+1.

How do you solve for g′(2)g'(2)g′(2) if g(x)=∫1x2tdtg(x) = \int_{1}^{x^2} \sqrt{t} dtg(x)=∫1x2​t​dt?

First find g′(x)=x2cdot2x=∣x∣cdot2xg'(x) = \sqrt{x^2} cdot 2x = |x| cdot 2xg′(x)=x2​cdot2x=∣x∣cdot2x. Then, g′(2)=22cdot2(2)=8g'(2) = \sqrt{2^2} cdot 2(2) = 8g′(2)=22​cdot2(2)=8.

How do you find the derivative of ∫x0et2dt\int_{x}^{0} e^{t^2} dt∫x0​et2dt?

Switch the bounds and apply the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus: −∫0xet2dt-\int_{0}^{x} e^{t^2} dt−∫0x​et2dt, so the derivative is −ex2-e^{x^2}−ex2.

How do you find h′(x)h'(x)h′(x) if h(x)=∫sin⁡(x)3t3dth(x) = \int_{\sin(x)}^{3} t^3 dth(x)=∫sin(x)3​t3dt?

Switch the bounds: h(x)=−∫3sin⁡(x)t3dth(x) = -\int_{3}^{\sin(x)} t^3 dth(x)=−∫3sin(x)​t3dt. Apply the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus and the chain rule: h′(x)=−(sin⁡(x))3cos⁡(x)h'(x) = -(\sin(x))^3 \cos(x)h′(x)=−(sin(x))3cos(x).

What is the formula for the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (Part 1)?

ddxleft[intaxf(t)dtight]=f(x)\frac{d}{dx}left[int_{a}^{x}f(t)dt ight]=f(x)dxd​left[intax​f(t)dtight]=f(x)

What is the formula for switching the bounds of integration?

∫abf(x),dx=−∫baf(x),dx\int_{a}^{b}f(x) , dx = -\int_{b}^{a}f(x) , dx∫ab​f(x),dx=−∫ba​f(x),dx

What is the formula for the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (Part 1) with a function in the upper limit?

ddxleft[intag(x)f(t)dtight]=f(g(x))cdotg′(x)\frac{d}{dx}left[int_{a}^{g(x)}f(t)dt ight]=f(g(x)) cdot g'(x)dxd​left[intag(x)​f(t)dtight]=f(g(x))cdotg′(x)

What is the general form of an accumulation function?

F(x)=∫axf(t),dtF(x) = \int_{a}^{x} f(t) , dtF(x)=∫ax​f(t),dt

Define Accumulation Function.

A function defined by a definite integral where one of the limits of integration is a variable.

What does the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus relate?

Differentiation and integration; it shows they are inverse processes.

What is the integrand?

The function inside the integral that is being integrated.

What is a definite integral?

An integral with upper and lower limits, resulting in a numerical value.

What is an antiderivative?

A function whose derivative is the original function.

What is the upper bound of an integral?

The upper limit of integration in a definite integral.

What is the lower bound of an integral?

The lower limit of integration in a definite integral.

Define the Chain Rule.

A rule for differentiating composite functions.

What is the derivative?

The instantaneous rate of change of a function with respect to its variable.

What is integration?

The process of finding the area under a curve.