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What is the effect of increasing the concentration of a reactant on a system at equilibrium?
The equilibrium shifts towards the products to consume the added reactant.
What is the effect of decreasing the temperature on an exothermic reaction at equilibrium?
The equilibrium shifts towards the products to produce more heat.
What is the effect of increasing the pressure on a gaseous system at equilibrium?
The equilibrium shifts towards the side with fewer moles of gas to reduce the pressure.
What is the effect of adding a catalyst to a reaction at equilibrium?
There is no shift in the equilibrium position; the rates of forward and reverse reactions are equally increased.
What is the effect of decreasing the concentration of a product on a system at equilibrium?
The equilibrium shifts towards the products to replenish the removed product.
What is the effect of increasing the temperature on an endothermic reaction at equilibrium?
The equilibrium shifts towards the products to consume the added heat.
Define dynamic equilibrium.
The reaction is ongoing, but the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal, resulting in constant concentrations of reactants and products.
What are stressors in the context of Le Châtelier's Principle?
External changes that disrupt the equilibrium of a system, such as changes in concentration, temperature, or pressure.
Define Le Châtelier's Principle.
If a dynamic equilibrium is disturbed by changing the conditions, the position of equilibrium shifts to counteract the change to reestablish an equilibrium.
What is an exothermic reaction?
A reaction that releases heat, indicated by a negative change in enthalpy (ΔH° < 0).
What is an endothermic reaction?
A reaction that absorbs heat, indicated by a positive change in enthalpy (ΔH° > 0).
Define equilibrium constant (K).
A value that expresses the relationship between reactants and products of a reversible reaction at equilibrium at a given temperature.
Differentiate between the effect of temperature on exothermic vs. endothermic reactions at equilibrium.
Exothermic: Increasing temperature shifts equilibrium towards reactants. Decreasing temperature shifts it towards products. | Endothermic: Increasing temperature shifts equilibrium towards products. Decreasing temperature shifts it towards reactants.
How does adding an inert gas affect equilibrium compared to changing the pressure by changing the volume?
Adding an inert gas has no effect on equilibrium. | Changing pressure by changing volume shifts the equilibrium towards the side with fewer moles of gas (if pressure is increased) or more moles of gas (if pressure is decreased).
Compare the effect of adding a reactant versus removing a product on a system at equilibrium.
Adding a reactant shifts the equilibrium towards the products. | Removing a product shifts the equilibrium towards the products.