Disease-causing microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, fungi).

Illnesses caused by pathogens, ranging from mild to life-threatening.

A form of plague characterized by swollen lymph nodes (buboes), fever, and chills.

A form of plague that is a bloodstream infection, potentially leading to organ failure.

A lung infection form of the plague with airborne transmission.

A disease caused by the Plasmodium parasite, transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes.

A disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, transmitted through airborne droplets.

A virus transmitted by Culex mosquitoes, primarily affecting birds but can infect humans.

A large family of viruses causing respiratory infections.

A virus transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes and sexual contact, linked to microcephaly in newborns.

Diseases caused by pathogens in contaminated water.

The ability of bacteria to evolve resistance to antibiotics due to overuse/misuse.

1. Infected mosquito bites human. 2. Plasmodium parasite enters bloodstream. 3. Parasite multiplies in liver and red blood cells. 4. Infected human is bitten by another mosquito. 5. Mosquito becomes infected and transmits parasite to another human.

1. Bacteria are exposed to antibiotics. 2. Some bacteria develop resistance through mutation or gene transfer. 3. Resistant bacteria survive and multiply. 4. Over time, resistant bacteria become dominant.

1. Person with active TB coughs or sneezes, releasing droplets. 2. Another person inhales the droplets. 3. Bacteria infect the lungs. 4. Infection can become latent or active.

1. Mosquito bites infected bird. 2. Virus multiplies in mosquito. 3. Infected mosquito bites human or animal. 4. Virus is transmitted, potentially causing illness.

1. Pathogens contaminate water sources (e.g., sewage). 2. People drink or use contaminated water. 3. Pathogens enter the body. 4. Illness develops (e.g., diarrhea, vomiting).

1. Mosquito bites infected person. 2. Virus multiplies in mosquito. 3. Infected mosquito bites another person. 4. Virus is transmitted, potentially causing illness or birth defects.

Proper sanitation prevents water contamination and reduces the spread of waterborne pathogens.

Clean water prevents the transmission of waterborne pathogens.

Reduces mosquito populations, thus reducing the transmission of diseases like malaria, West Nile, and Zika.

Reduces the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Increases awareness of transmission methods and prevention strategies, leading to better hygiene and health practices.

IVM reduces reliance on chemical insecticides, minimizing environmental impacts and promoting long-term vector control.

Sustainable practices ensure access to clean water sources and proper wastewater treatment, minimizing contamination and disease outbreaks.

Biodiversity can dilute the impact of certain diseases by providing alternative hosts for pathogens, reducing the risk of transmission to humans.

Proper sanitation infrastructure reduces pollution of water sources, protecting ecosystems and human health.

Sustainable agriculture minimizes habitat destruction and reduces contact between humans and wildlife, lowering the risk of zoonotic disease transmission.