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How is plague transmitted?
Flea bites from infected rodents, handling infected animals, or inhaling droplets from infected people/animals.
How is malaria transmitted?
Bite of infected *Anopheles* mosquitoes.
How is tuberculosis transmitted?
Airborne droplets from coughs or sneezes.
How is West Nile Virus transmitted?
Bite of infected *Culex* mosquitoes.
How is COVID-19 transmitted?
Respiratory droplets.
How is Zika Virus transmitted?
*Aedes* mosquitoes and sexual contact.
How are water-borne diseases transmitted?
Drinking or using contaminated water.
How does antibiotic resistance develop?
Overuse/misuse of antibiotics leads to bacteria evolving resistance.
What are pathogens?
Disease-causing microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, fungi).
What are infectious diseases?
Illnesses caused by pathogens, ranging from mild to life-threatening.
What is bubonic plague?
A form of plague characterized by swollen lymph nodes (buboes), fever, and chills.
What is septicemic plague?
A form of plague that is a bloodstream infection, potentially leading to organ failure.
What is pneumonic plague?
A lung infection form of the plague with airborne transmission.
What is malaria?
A disease caused by the *Plasmodium* parasite, transmitted by *Anopheles* mosquitoes.
What is tuberculosis (TB)?
A disease caused by *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* bacteria, transmitted through airborne droplets.
What is West Nile Virus?
A virus transmitted by *Culex* mosquitoes, primarily affecting birds but can infect humans.
What are Coronaviruses?
A large family of viruses causing respiratory infections.
What is Zika Virus?
A virus transmitted by *Aedes* mosquitoes and sexual contact, linked to microcephaly in newborns.
What are water-borne diseases?
Diseases caused by pathogens in contaminated water.
What is antibiotic resistance?
The ability of bacteria to evolve resistance to antibiotics due to overuse/misuse.
What are the consequences of deforestation on the spread of infectious diseases?
Deforestation can increase human contact with wildlife, raising the risk of zoonotic diseases jumping to humans.
What is the effect of climate change on mosquito populations and disease transmission?
Climate change can expand mosquito habitats and breeding seasons, increasing the risk and geographic range of mosquito-borne diseases.
What is the impact of poor sanitation on waterborne diseases?
Poor sanitation leads to contamination of water sources with pathogens, increasing the risk of waterborne diseases like cholera and dysentery.
What are the effects of urbanization on the spread of infectious diseases?
Increased population density in urban areas facilitates the rapid spread of infectious diseases, especially respiratory illnesses.
What are the consequences of overuse of antibiotics in livestock?
It promotes the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which can then spread to humans through the food chain or direct contact.
What is the effect of international travel on the global spread of diseases?
International travel allows diseases to quickly spread across borders, leading to outbreaks in new regions.
What is the impact of poverty on vulnerability to infectious diseases?
Poverty increases vulnerability due to poor nutrition, inadequate sanitation, limited access to healthcare, and crowded living conditions.
What is the effect of vaccination on the spread of infectious diseases?
Vaccination reduces the spread of infectious diseases by providing immunity to individuals and creating herd immunity in populations.
What are the consequences of neglecting public health infrastructure?
Neglecting public health infrastructure weakens disease surveillance, prevention, and response capabilities, leading to increased outbreaks and health crises.
What is the effect of misinformation on the control of infectious diseases?
Misinformation can undermine public trust in science and public health measures, leading to lower vaccination rates and increased disease transmission.