All Flashcards
What is Heliocentrism?
The astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun.
What is Empiricism?
The theory that knowledge is primarily derived from sensory experience.
What are Philosophes?
Intellectuals of the Enlightenment who gathered to exchange ideas.
What are Natural Rights?
Rights inherent to all human beings, such as life, liberty, and property.
What is Popular Sovereignty?
The principle that the authority of a state and its government are created and sustained by the consent of its people.
What is Deism?
Belief in a creator God who does not intervene in the universe.
What is Enlightened Absolutism?
A system in which rulers adopted Enlightenment ideas to strengthen their rule.
What is the Scientific Method?
A method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses.
What is Deductive Reasoning?
Reasoning from general principles to specific instances.
What is the General Will?
A concept in political philosophy referring to the collective will of the people.
Who was Copernicus?
An astronomer who proposed the heliocentric model of the universe.
Who was Galileo?
An astronomer and physicist who confirmed heliocentrism and studied motion.
Who was Newton?
A physicist and mathematician who formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation.
Who was Descartes?
A philosopher who emphasized deductive reasoning.
Who was Bacon?
A philosopher who advocated for empiricism and the scientific method.
Who was Voltaire?
An Enlightenment philosopher who advocated for freedom of speech and religious toleration.
Who was Diderot?
The creator of the Encyclopedia, a compilation of Enlightenment knowledge.
Who was Locke?
An Enlightenment philosopher who articulated the concept of natural rights and the social contract.
Who was Rousseau?
An Enlightenment philosopher who advocated for the general will and popular sovereignty.
Who was Catherine the Great?
An Enlightened Absolutist ruler of Russia.
Who was Joseph II?
An Enlightened Absolutist ruler of Austria.
Who was Frederick the Great?
An Enlightened Absolutist ruler of Prussia.
Compare Baroque and Neoclassical art.
Baroque art is dramatic, emotional, and often religious, while Neoclassical art emphasizes reason, order, and classical themes.
Compare the views of Locke and Rousseau on government.
Locke emphasized natural rights and limited government, while Rousseau emphasized the general will and popular sovereignty.
Compare the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment.
The Scientific Revolution focused on applying reason to the natural world, while the Enlightenment focused on applying reason to society and politics.
Compare the ideas of Copernicus and Galileo.
Copernicus proposed the heliocentric model, while Galileo provided observational evidence supporting it.
Compare the approaches of Descartes and Bacon to gaining knowledge.
Descartes emphasized deductive reasoning, while Bacon emphasized empiricism and experimentation.
Compare the goals of Catherine the Great and Joseph II as Enlightened Absolutists.
Both sought to strengthen their states through rational reforms, but their approaches and the extent of their reforms varied.
Compare the impact of the Scientific Revolution on religion and politics.
The Scientific Revolution challenged religious explanations of the universe and indirectly influenced political thought by promoting reason and skepticism.
Compare the views of Voltaire and Rousseau on individual freedom.
Voltaire advocated for freedom of speech and religious toleration, while Rousseau emphasized the importance of individual freedom within the context of the general will.
Compare the impact of urbanization on different social classes.
Urbanization led to new opportunities for some social classes, while creating challenges and hardships for others.
Compare the views on women's rights during the Enlightenment.
Some early feminists used Enlightenment ideas to advocate for women's rights, while many philosophes still held traditional views.