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What was the significance of the publication of Copernicus's *De revolutionibus orbium coelestium*?
It marked a pivotal moment in the Scientific Revolution by introducing the heliocentric model.
What was the effect of the creation of Diderot's *Encyclopedia*?
It compiled Enlightenment knowledge and promoted critical thinking.
What was the impact of the development of the smallpox vaccination?
It significantly reduced mortality rates and improved public health.
What was the impact of Galileo's telescopic observations?
They provided evidence supporting the heliocentric theory and challenged traditional astronomical views.
What was the significance of Newton's formulation of the laws of motion and universal gravitation?
It provided a unified explanation of motion and gravity, revolutionizing physics.
What was the impact of the rise of salons and coffeehouses during the Enlightenment?
They provided venues for intellectuals to exchange ideas and promote Enlightenment thought.
What was the effect of increased urbanization in the 18th century?
It led to social and economic changes, including new forms of labor and increased social mobility.
What was the impact of the shift from Baroque to Neoclassical art?
It reflected a shift in emphasis from emotion and religion to reason and classical themes.
What was the effect of increased religious freedom under Enlightened Absolutists?
It reduced persecution and promoted tolerance, but was often limited in scope.
What was the impact of population growth in Europe during the 18th century?
It led to increased demand for resources and contributed to social and economic changes.
Who was Copernicus?
An astronomer who proposed the heliocentric model of the universe.
Who was Galileo?
An astronomer and physicist who confirmed heliocentrism and studied motion.
Who was Newton?
A physicist and mathematician who formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation.
Who was Descartes?
A philosopher who emphasized deductive reasoning.
Who was Bacon?
A philosopher who advocated for empiricism and the scientific method.
Who was Voltaire?
An Enlightenment philosopher who advocated for freedom of speech and religious toleration.
Who was Diderot?
The creator of the *Encyclopedia*, a compilation of Enlightenment knowledge.
Who was Locke?
An Enlightenment philosopher who articulated the concept of natural rights and the social contract.
Who was Rousseau?
An Enlightenment philosopher who advocated for the general will and popular sovereignty.
Who was Catherine the Great?
An Enlightened Absolutist ruler of Russia.
Who was Joseph II?
An Enlightened Absolutist ruler of Austria.
Who was Frederick the Great?
An Enlightened Absolutist ruler of Prussia.
Compare Baroque and Neoclassical art.
Baroque art is dramatic, emotional, and often religious, while Neoclassical art emphasizes reason, order, and classical themes.
Compare the views of Locke and Rousseau on government.
Locke emphasized natural rights and limited government, while Rousseau emphasized the general will and popular sovereignty.
Compare the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment.
The Scientific Revolution focused on applying reason to the natural world, while the Enlightenment focused on applying reason to society and politics.
Compare the ideas of Copernicus and Galileo.
Copernicus proposed the heliocentric model, while Galileo provided observational evidence supporting it.
Compare the approaches of Descartes and Bacon to gaining knowledge.
Descartes emphasized deductive reasoning, while Bacon emphasized empiricism and experimentation.
Compare the goals of Catherine the Great and Joseph II as Enlightened Absolutists.
Both sought to strengthen their states through rational reforms, but their approaches and the extent of their reforms varied.
Compare the impact of the Scientific Revolution on religion and politics.
The Scientific Revolution challenged religious explanations of the universe and indirectly influenced political thought by promoting reason and skepticism.
Compare the views of Voltaire and Rousseau on individual freedom.
Voltaire advocated for freedom of speech and religious toleration, while Rousseau emphasized the importance of individual freedom within the context of the general will.
Compare the impact of urbanization on different social classes.
Urbanization led to new opportunities for some social classes, while creating challenges and hardships for others.
Compare the views on women's rights during the Enlightenment.
Some early feminists used Enlightenment ideas to advocate for women's rights, while many philosophes still held traditional views.