What were the causes and effects of the Scientific Revolution?
Causes: Renaissance humanism, rediscovery of classical texts. Effects: New scientific understandings, challenges to traditional authority, development of the scientific method.
What were the causes and effects of the Enlightenment?
Causes: Scientific Revolution, emphasis on reason. Effects: New political ideologies, calls for democratic governance, increased religious toleration.
What were the causes and effects of Enlightened Absolutism?
Causes: Enlightenment ideas, desire to strengthen state power. Effects: Limited reforms, increased religious freedom, improved administration.
What were the causes and effects of population growth in the 18th century?
Causes: Improved agriculture, new crops (potatoes), decline in disease. Effects: Urbanization, increased demand for resources, social changes.
What were the causes and effects of the shift from Baroque to Neoclassical art?
Causes: Enlightenment emphasis on reason and classical themes. Effects: Art that emphasized order, balance, and classical subjects.
What were the causes and effects of the rise of Deism?
Causes: Enlightenment skepticism towards organized religion. Effects: Decline in religious authority, emphasis on reason and natural law.
What were the causes and effects of the creation and spread of the Encyclopedia?
Causes: Desire to compile and disseminate Enlightenment knowledge. Effects: Promotion of critical thinking, challenges to traditional authority.
What were the causes and effects of the development of the smallpox vaccination?
Causes: Scientific research and experimentation. Effects: Reduced mortality rates, improved public health.
What were the causes and effects of the emphasis on reason during the Enlightenment?
Causes: Scientific Revolution, skepticism towards traditional authority. Effects: New ways of thinking about politics, society, and religion.
What were the causes and effects of the increased interest in non-European cultures?
Causes: Exploration, trade, and intellectual curiosity. Effects: New perspectives on European society, challenges to ethnocentrism.
What is Heliocentrism?
The astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun.
What is Empiricism?
The theory that knowledge is primarily derived from sensory experience.
What are Philosophes?
Intellectuals of the Enlightenment who gathered to exchange ideas.
What are Natural Rights?
Rights inherent to all human beings, such as life, liberty, and property.
What is Popular Sovereignty?
The principle that the authority of a state and its government are created and sustained by the consent of its people.
What is Deism?
Belief in a creator God who does not intervene in the universe.
What is Enlightened Absolutism?
A system in which rulers adopted Enlightenment ideas to strengthen their rule.
What is the Scientific Method?
A method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses.
What is Deductive Reasoning?
Reasoning from general principles to specific instances.
What is the General Will?
A concept in political philosophy referring to the collective will of the people.
Compare Baroque and Neoclassical art.
Baroque art is dramatic, emotional, and often religious, while Neoclassical art emphasizes reason, order, and classical themes.
Compare the views of Locke and Rousseau on government.
Locke emphasized natural rights and limited government, while Rousseau emphasized the general will and popular sovereignty.
Compare the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment.
The Scientific Revolution focused on applying reason to the natural world, while the Enlightenment focused on applying reason to society and politics.
Compare the ideas of Copernicus and Galileo.
Copernicus proposed the heliocentric model, while Galileo provided observational evidence supporting it.
Compare the approaches of Descartes and Bacon to gaining knowledge.
Descartes emphasized deductive reasoning, while Bacon emphasized empiricism and experimentation.
Compare the goals of Catherine the Great and Joseph II as Enlightened Absolutists.
Both sought to strengthen their states through rational reforms, but their approaches and the extent of their reforms varied.
Compare the impact of the Scientific Revolution on religion and politics.
The Scientific Revolution challenged religious explanations of the universe and indirectly influenced political thought by promoting reason and skepticism.
Compare the views of Voltaire and Rousseau on individual freedom.
Voltaire advocated for freedom of speech and religious toleration, while Rousseau emphasized the importance of individual freedom within the context of the general will.
Compare the impact of urbanization on different social classes.
Urbanization led to new opportunities for some social classes, while creating challenges and hardships for others.
Compare the views on women's rights during the Enlightenment.
Some early feminists used Enlightenment ideas to advocate for women's rights, while many philosophes still held traditional views.
