All Flashcards
What is Heliocentrism?
The astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun.
What is Empiricism?
The theory that knowledge is primarily derived from sensory experience.
What are Philosophes?
Intellectuals of the Enlightenment who gathered to exchange ideas.
What are Natural Rights?
Rights inherent to all human beings, such as life, liberty, and property.
What is Popular Sovereignty?
The principle that the authority of a state and its government are created and sustained by the consent of its people.
What is Deism?
Belief in a creator God who does not intervene in the universe.
What is Enlightened Absolutism?
A system in which rulers adopted Enlightenment ideas to strengthen their rule.
What is the Scientific Method?
A method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses.
What is Deductive Reasoning?
Reasoning from general principles to specific instances.
What is the General Will?
A concept in political philosophy referring to the collective will of the people.
What was the significance of the publication of Copernicus's De revolutionibus orbium coelestium?
It marked a pivotal moment in the Scientific Revolution by introducing the heliocentric model.
What was the effect of the creation of Diderot's Encyclopedia?
It compiled Enlightenment knowledge and promoted critical thinking.
What was the impact of the development of the smallpox vaccination?
It significantly reduced mortality rates and improved public health.
What was the impact of Galileo's telescopic observations?
They provided evidence supporting the heliocentric theory and challenged traditional astronomical views.
What was the significance of Newton's formulation of the laws of motion and universal gravitation?
It provided a unified explanation of motion and gravity, revolutionizing physics.
What was the impact of the rise of salons and coffeehouses during the Enlightenment?
They provided venues for intellectuals to exchange ideas and promote Enlightenment thought.
What was the effect of increased urbanization in the 18th century?
It led to social and economic changes, including new forms of labor and increased social mobility.
What was the impact of the shift from Baroque to Neoclassical art?
It reflected a shift in emphasis from emotion and religion to reason and classical themes.
What was the effect of increased religious freedom under Enlightened Absolutists?
It reduced persecution and promoted tolerance, but was often limited in scope.
What was the impact of population growth in Europe during the 18th century?
It led to increased demand for resources and contributed to social and economic changes.
Who was Copernicus?
An astronomer who proposed the heliocentric model of the universe.
Who was Galileo?
An astronomer and physicist who confirmed heliocentrism and studied motion.
Who was Newton?
A physicist and mathematician who formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation.
Who was Descartes?
A philosopher who emphasized deductive reasoning.
Who was Bacon?
A philosopher who advocated for empiricism and the scientific method.
Who was Voltaire?
An Enlightenment philosopher who advocated for freedom of speech and religious toleration.
Who was Diderot?
The creator of the Encyclopedia, a compilation of Enlightenment knowledge.
Who was Locke?
An Enlightenment philosopher who articulated the concept of natural rights and the social contract.
Who was Rousseau?
An Enlightenment philosopher who advocated for the general will and popular sovereignty.
Who was Catherine the Great?
An Enlightened Absolutist ruler of Russia.
Who was Joseph II?
An Enlightened Absolutist ruler of Austria.
Who was Frederick the Great?
An Enlightened Absolutist ruler of Prussia.