The theory that knowledge is primarily derived from sensory experience.

A belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response.

The idea that government should protect individual rights, not just rule.

The division of government powers among different branches to prevent tyranny.

An economic system where prices are determined by supply and demand, with minimal government intervention.

Acceptance of different religious beliefs and practices.

The astronomical model in which the Sun is assumed to lie at or near a central point (e.g., of the solar system or of the universe) while the Earth and other planets revolve around it.

The superseded astronomical theory that the Earth is the center of the universe, with the sun, moon, and planets revolving around it.

A political system in which a ruler holds total power, unrestrained by law.

An economic theory promoting government regulation of a nation's economy to increase state power at the expense of rival national powers.

A period in the 16th and 17th centuries when new ideas in physics, astronomy, biology, and anatomy challenged traditional views and laid the foundation of modern science.

An intellectual and philosophical movement in the 18th century that emphasized reason and individualism rather than tradition.

A period in European history, from the 14th to the 17th century, considered the bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history. It started as a cultural movement in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spread to the rest of Europe.

The printing press allowed for the rapid dissemination of new ideas, contributing to the spread of both the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment.

Salons and coffeehouses became hubs for intellectual discussion, facilitating the exchange of Enlightenment ideas.

Smallpox vaccination improved public health and decreased mortality rates, reflecting medical advances during the Enlightenment era.

The steam engine revolutionized industry, marking a key technological innovation of the period.

The spinning jenny revolutionized industry, marking a key technological innovation of the period.

Population growth led to overcrowding in cities and a growing labor market.

Draining of wetlands and clearing of forests impacted agriculture and the environment.

An Italian astronomer, physicist, and engineer whose observations supported the heliocentric model.

A German astronomer who discovered the laws of planetary motion.

An English physicist and mathematician who developed the laws of motion and universal gravitation.

An English philosopher who advocated for natural rights and limited government.

A Genevan philosopher who developed the concept of the social contract and the general will.

A French political philosopher who advocated for the separation of powers.

A French Enlightenment writer who advocated for freedom of speech and religion.

A Scottish economist who promoted free market principles.

Aristotle's ideas about the cosmos and the human body were the traditional views challenged during the Scientific Revolution.

The rediscovery of classical works from Greece and Rome sparked new ways of thinking about the world and set the stage for the Scientific Revolution.