A period in the 16th and 17th centuries when new ideas in physics, astronomy, biology, and anatomy challenged traditional views and laid the foundation of modern science.

An intellectual and philosophical movement in the 18th century that emphasized reason and individualism rather than tradition.

A period in European history, from the 14th to the 17th century, considered the bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history. It started as a cultural movement in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spread to the rest of Europe.

The printing press allowed for the rapid dissemination of new ideas, contributing to the spread of both the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment.

Salons and coffeehouses became hubs for intellectual discussion, facilitating the exchange of Enlightenment ideas.

Smallpox vaccination improved public health and decreased mortality rates, reflecting medical advances during the Enlightenment era.

The steam engine revolutionized industry, marking a key technological innovation of the period.

The spinning jenny revolutionized industry, marking a key technological innovation of the period.

Population growth led to overcrowding in cities and a growing labor market.

Draining of wetlands and clearing of forests impacted agriculture and the environment.

Absolutism is a political system in which a ruler holds total power, while limited government advocates for individual liberty, democracy, and the separation of powers.

Mercantilism promotes government regulation of the economy, while free markets argue that the economy should regulate itself without government intervention.

The geocentric model places Earth at the center of the universe, while the heliocentric model places the Sun at the center.

The Scientific Revolution focused on understanding the natural world through observation and experimentation, while the Enlightenment applied reason to society, politics, and religion.

Locke emphasized natural rights and limited government, while Rousseau focused on the social contract and the general will.

Voltaire advocated for freedom of speech and religion, while Montesquieu advocated for the separation of powers.

Enlightenment thinkers emphasized reason over faith, believing that religious beliefs should be subject to rational scrutiny.

The printing press allowed for the rapid dissemination of ideas, while salons provided a space for intellectual discussion and exchange.

Demographic shifts led to population growth and urbanization, while environmental changes included the draining of wetlands and clearing of forests.

The Scientific Revolution indirectly challenged religious authority by promoting scientific inquiry, while the Enlightenment directly challenged traditional religious views with reason and skepticism.

The theory that knowledge is primarily derived from sensory experience.

A belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response.

The idea that government should protect individual rights, not just rule.

The division of government powers among different branches to prevent tyranny.

An economic system where prices are determined by supply and demand, with minimal government intervention.

Acceptance of different religious beliefs and practices.

The astronomical model in which the Sun is assumed to lie at or near a central point (e.g., of the solar system or of the universe) while the Earth and other planets revolve around it.

The superseded astronomical theory that the Earth is the center of the universe, with the sun, moon, and planets revolving around it.

A political system in which a ruler holds total power, unrestrained by law.

An economic theory promoting government regulation of a nation's economy to increase state power at the expense of rival national powers.