The supreme authority to make and enforce rules.

A system where the monarch holds supreme autocratic authority, principally unconstrained by written laws, legislature, or customs.

The middle class, who in pre-revolutionary France, lacked the privileges and political power of the nobility.

The principle that the authority of a state and its government are created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives, who are the source of all political power.

A period of political repression and mass executions during the French Revolution, led by Robespierre.

Identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.

An artistic, literary, musical, and intellectual movement that emphasized emotion and individualism as well as glorification of all the past and nature.

A conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich, and held in Vienna from September 1814 to June 1815. The objective of the Congress was to provide a long-term peace plan for Europe by settling critical issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars.

Radical political club during the French Revolution that advocated for far-reaching reforms.

The directory was the French Revolutionary government set up by the Constitution of the Year III, which lasted from November 1795 to November 1799.

Symbolized British dominance in India, a key outcome of commercial rivalries.

A pivotal event in the French Revolution, symbolizing the overthrow of royal authority.

A document of the French Revolution, it abolished noble privileges and asserted individual rights.

A period of political repression and mass executions led by Robespierre during the French Revolution.

A revolution led by Toussaint Louverture that resulted in the creation of the independent republic of Haiti.

European powers met to reestablish a balance of power and prevent future revolutions after Napoleon's defeat.

A pledge signed by members of the Third Estate who had been locked out of a meeting of the Estates-General on 20 June 1789; they swore 'not to separate, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the kingdom is established'.

A period of panic and riot by peasants and others amid rumours of an 'aristocratic conspiracy' by the king and the privileged to overthrow the Third Estate.

A revolt in the French Revolution against the excesses of the Reign of Terror. It was triggered by a vote of the National Convention to execute Maximilien Robespierre, Louis Antoine de Saint-Just, and several other leading members of the Committee of Public Safety.

A naval engagement fought by the Royal Navy against the combined fleets of the French and Spanish Navies, during the War of the Third Coalition of the Napoleonic Wars. British victory confirmed British naval supremacy.

The Enlightenment emphasized reason and logic, while Romanticism emphasized emotion, intuition, and nature.

The Jacobins were a radical political club, while the Girondins were more moderate.

Both were influenced by Enlightenment ideals, but the Haitian Revolution was also fueled by the desire to end slavery.

The first phase established a constitutional monarchy, while the second phase was more radical and led to the establishment of the French Republic.

The Congress of Vienna aimed to restore the balance of power, while the French Revolution aimed to overthrow the existing social and political order.

De Gouges advocated for women's rights and equality, while Rousseau believed women should have a separate, domestic role.

Britain's economy was more focused on global trade and industrialization, while France's economy was more agrarian and reliant on its colonies.

Louis XVI was an absolute monarch with limited political skills, while Napoleon was a charismatic military leader with dictatorial tendencies.

Short-term effects included the Reign of Terror and the rise of Napoleon, while long-term effects included the spread of revolutionary ideas and the rise of nationalism.

In France, it led to social and political upheaval, while in Europe, it inspired revolutions and challenged the existing order.