Causes: Desire for equal rights, protests for universal male suffrage. Effects: Challenged gender roles, advocated for universal suffrage.

Causes: Emphasis on individual rights, questioning social hierarchy. Effects: Challenged social hierarchy, sought to limit government.

Causes: Emphasis on national identity, culture, and sovereignty. Effects: Fueled unification movements, independence movements, and nation-state formation.

Causes: Desire for equality and fairness, response to industrial capitalism. Effects: Called for redistribution of wealth, appealed to the working class.

Causes: Technological advancements, increased production. Effects: Rise of capitalism, increased social inequality, rise of socialism.

Causes: Rise of nationalism, desire for a unified German state. Effects: Creation of a powerful German empire, shift in European power balance.

Causes: Rise of nationalism, desire for a unified Italian state. Effects: Creation of a unified Italy, end of foreign domination.

Causes: Social inequality, economic hardship, Enlightenment ideas. Effects: Overthrow of the monarchy, rise of republicanism, spread of revolutionary ideas.

Causes: Political repression, economic hardship, nationalist aspirations. Effects: Short-term failures, long-term reforms, spread of liberal and nationalist ideas.

Causes: Poor working conditions, low wages, desire for worker's rights. Effects: Improved working conditions, increased wages, collective bargaining.

A French writer and activist who fought for both women's and workers' rights, advocating for a utopian socialist society.

Advocates of liberalism who believed in economic freedom, individual rights, and utilitarianism.

A Utopian socialist who believed in improved working conditions and cooperation.

A Utopian socialist who believed socialism was needed for industrial development and that workers should control production.

Marxist thinkers who believed history is a cycle of class conflict and the working class needs to take over.

A socialist women's leader who educated women for political involvement.

An anarchist who believed Marxism wouldn't work and violence is necessary.

An anarchist who advocated for collectivist anarchism (abolition of state and private ownership).

Suffragists who advocated for universal male suffrage (working-class males demanding rights).

Championing individual liberty and advocating for utilitarianism.

Advocacy for equality and universal suffrage, challenging traditional gender roles.

Emphasis on individual rights, popular sovereignty, and limited government.

Belief in the importance of national identity, culture, and sovereignty.

Prioritizes equality and fairness, advocating for redistribution of wealth and resources.

The right for all citizens to vote, regardless of gender, race, or social status.

The idealization of women in the home, emphasizing their roles as wives and mothers.

The middle class, who were the primary supporters of liberalism.

The working class, who were the primary supporters of socialism.

A form of socialism focused on creating ideal communities with improved working conditions.

A form of socialism based on class struggle and the need for a worker's revolution.