Displacement is the change in position (a vector).

Distance is the total path length (a scalar).

Velocity is the rate of change of displacement (a vector).

Speed is the rate of change of distance (a scalar).

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.

An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion with the same velocity unless acted upon by a net force.

$F_{net} = ma$. The net force on an object is equal to its mass times its acceleration.

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Acceleration directed towards the center of the circle ($a_c = \frac{v^2}{r}$).

The net force that causes centripetal acceleration ($F_c = m\frac{v^2}{r}$).

A force that causes rotation ($\tau = rF\sin\theta$).

The transfer of energy by a force ($W = Fd\cos\theta$).

Energy of motion ($KE = \frac{1}{2}mv^2$).

A measure of an object's mass in motion ($p = mv$).

The change in momentum ($J = \Delta p = F\Delta t$).

Periodic motion where the restoring force is proportional to the displacement.

$\omega = 2\pi f = \frac{2\pi}{T}$.

Particles oscillate perpendicular to the wave's direction (e.g., light waves).

Particles oscillate parallel to the wave's direction (e.g., sound waves).

Distance between two consecutive crests or troughs.

1. Draw a dot to represent the object. 2. Draw arrows representing all forces acting on the object. 3. Label each force with its symbol. 4. Choose a coordinate system and resolve forces into components if needed.

Displacement: change in position, vector | Distance: total path length, scalar

Velocity: rate of change of displacement, vector | Speed: rate of change of distance, scalar

Elastic Collisions: Both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved | Inelastic Collisions: Momentum is conserved, but kinetic energy is not.

Reflection: The bouncing of waves off a surface | Refraction: The bending of waves as they pass from one medium to another.

Conservative forces: Total mechanical energy is constant. | Non-conservative forces: Dissipate energy (e.g., friction, air resistance).