Conductors: Excess charge sits on the surface. | Insulators: Excess charge can spread throughout the interior and surface.

Conductors: The electric field inside is zero in electrostatic equilibrium. | Insulators: The electric field inside can be nonzero.

Positive charges: Electric field lines point away from the charge. | Negative charges: Electric field lines point towards the charge.

The test charge experiences a force in the same direction as the electric field.

The electric field inside the conductor is zero, and excess charge resides on its surface.

The strength of the electric field increases.

The electric field behaves as if all the charge is concentrated at the center of the sphere.

Charge redistribution occurs in the conductor, with opposite charges attracted to the charged object and like charges repelled.

The electric field at a point is the electric force experienced by a tiny positive test charge at that point, divided by the test charge itself: $\vec{E} = \frac{\vec{F}}{q}$

A tiny, positive charge that's so small it doesn't significantly alter the electric field it's measuring.

The magnitude of the electric field vector at a given point in space.

A condition where excess charge on a conductor resides on its surface and the electric field inside the conductor is zero.

The force exerted on a charged particle by an electric field.