What happens to the total resistance when resistors are added in series?
The total resistance increases.
What happens to the total resistance when resistors are added in parallel?
The total resistance decreases.
What happens to the terminal voltage of a real battery when current is drawn?
The terminal voltage decreases due to the voltage drop across the internal resistance.
What happens to resistivity as temperature increases?
Resistivity generally increases with temperature.
How do you calculate total resistance in series?
Sum the individual resistances: $R_s = R_1 + R_2 + R_3 + ...$
How do you calculate total resistance in parallel?
Use the reciprocal formula: $\frac{1}{R_p} = \frac{1}{R_1} + \frac{1}{R_2} + \frac{1}{R_3} + ...$
How do you find the terminal voltage of a real battery?
Use the equation: $V_{terminal} = ฮต - Ir$, where ฮต is the EMF, I is the current, and r is the internal resistance.
What are the key differences between series and parallel circuits?
Series: Single path for current, current is the same through all components, total resistance increases. Parallel: Multiple paths for current, voltage is the same across all components, total resistance decreases.
Compare and contrast an ideal vs. a real battery.
Ideal: No internal resistance, terminal voltage equals EMF. Real: Has internal resistance, terminal voltage is less than EMF when current flows.
Differentiate between resistance (R) and resistivity (ฯ).
Resistance: Depends on the material's resistivity and dimensions (length and area). Resistivity: A material property that describes how much it resists the flow of current.
Compare how ammeters and voltmeters are connected in a circuit.
Ammeters: Connected in series, low internal resistance. Voltmeters: Connected in parallel, high internal resistance.
