A component that limits the flow of charge in a circuit.

A component that stores electrical charge.

A device used to measure the current flowing through a circuit.

A device used to measure the potential difference (voltage) across a component in a circuit.

A low-resistance path in a circuit that causes very high current flow, potentially damaging components.

The time constant $\tau$ is the time it takes for a capacitor to charge to approximately 63% of its maximum charge or discharge to approximately 37% of its initial charge. It is given by $\tau = RC$.

Series: Components are end-to-end; the same current flows through each. Parallel: Components are side-by-side; the same potential difference is across each.

Closed circuit: Allows continuous current flow. Open circuit: Has a break, preventing current flow.

Conventional Current: Flow of positive charge from positive to negative terminal. Electron Flow: Actual flow of electrons from negative to positive terminal.

1. Draw the circuit diagram and label all components. 2. Assign current directions in each branch. 3. Apply the junction rule at each junction. 4. Choose loops and apply the loop rule to each. 5. Solve the resulting system of equations.

When a capacitor is connected to a battery through a resistor, it starts to charge. The charge on the capacitor increases over time, following an exponential curve, while the current decreases exponentially.

When a charged capacitor is connected to a resistor, it starts to discharge. The charge on the capacitor decreases exponentially over time, and the current in the circuit also decreases exponentially.