Vertical Asymptotes: Occur when the denominator is zero, and the numerator is non-zero. Function approaches infinity. | Holes: Occur when both numerator and denominator are zero. Represent removable discontinuities.

A vertical line that the graph of a function approaches but never touches, where the function's value goes to infinity (or negative infinity).

A function of the form $r(x) = \frac{p(x)}{q(x)}$, where $p(x)$ and $q(x)$ are polynomial functions.

The number of times its corresponding factor appears in the polynomial.

A point where both the numerator and denominator of a rational function are zero. It is a removable discontinuity.

1. Factor the numerator and denominator. 2. Identify zeros of the denominator. 3. Check if those zeros are also zeros of the numerator. 4. If a zero is only in the denominator, there's a vertical asymptote there.

1. Find the vertical asymptote. 2. Evaluate the one-sided limits as $x$ approaches the asymptote from the left and right. 3. Determine if the function approaches $\infty$ or $-\infty$ from each side.

1. Factor the numerator and denominator. 2. If a factor cancels out from both, there is a hole at the x-value that makes that factor zero.

1. Factor: $r(x) = \frac{(x-1)(x+1)}{(x-1)(x-1)}$. 2. Simplify: $r(x) = \frac{x+1}{x-1}$. 3. Vertical asymptote: $x=1$.