All Flashcards
What is Sensory Memory?
The initial stage of memory that holds sensory information briefly.
What is Iconic Memory?
Visual sensory memory, holding a brief image.
What is Echoic Memory?
Auditory sensory memory, holding a brief sound.
What is Short-Term Memory (STM)?
A temporary storage system with limited capacity and duration.
What is Working Memory?
An active system that manipulates information in short-term memory.
What is Long-Term Memory (LTM)?
The relatively permanent and limitless storage of memory.
What is Declarative (Explicit) Memory?
Memories that can be consciously recalled.
What is Semantic Memory?
Memory for facts and general knowledge.
What is Episodic Memory?
Memory for personal experiences and events.
What is Nondeclarative (Implicit) Memory?
Memories that influence behavior without conscious recall.
What is Procedural Memory?
Memory for skills and habits.
What is Priming?
Exposure to a stimulus influences a response to a later stimulus.
What is Amnesia?
The inability to form or recall memories.
What is Retrograde Amnesia?
Loss of memories from before the onset of amnesia.
What is Anterograde Amnesia?
Inability to form new memories after the onset of amnesia.
What is HSAM?
Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory; the ability to remember personal events with incredible detail and accuracy.
What is the effect of damage to the hippocampus on memory?
Can lead to anterograde amnesia, the inability to form new long-term memories.
How does aging affect memory?
Can lead to a decline in working memory and episodic memory.
What is the effect of sleep deprivation on memory?
Impairs memory consolidation and recall.
How does stress affect memory?
Can enhance memory for emotional events but impair memory for neutral information.
What is the effect of rehearsal on memory?
Increases the likelihood of transferring information from STM to LTM.
How does context affect memory retrieval?
Similar contexts during encoding and retrieval can improve recall.
What is the impact of traumatic events on memory?
Can lead to vivid and persistent memories, or, in some cases, repressed memories.
How does language development affect infantile amnesia?
The lack of language skills in early childhood contributes to the inability to recall early memories.
What is the effect of distractions on working memory?
Reduces the capacity and efficiency of working memory.
How does elaborative rehearsal affect long-term memory?
It significantly improves the encoding and retention of information in long-term memory.
Explain Miller's Magic Number.
Short-term memory capacity is about 7 ± 2 items.
What is the Self-Reference Effect?
Information related to oneself is better remembered.
How do emotions affect memory?
Strong emotions can enhance memory by activating the amygdala, increasing attention and arousal.
What is the role of the Central Executive in working memory?
Controls attention and coordinates the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad.
What is the Phonological Loop?
Stores and rehearses verbal information in working memory.
What is the Visuospatial Sketchpad?
Holds and manipulates visual and spatial information in working memory.
What is the difference between maintenance and elaborative rehearsal?
Maintenance rehearsal repeats information; elaborative rehearsal connects new information to existing knowledge.
What is chunking?
Breaking down large pieces of information into smaller, manageable units.
What are mnemonic devices?
Techniques using acronyms, rhymes, or imagery to make information memorable.
What is the impact of Alzheimer's Disease on memory?
Progressive disorder that affects memory and cognitive function, starting with episodic memory loss.
What is Infantile Amnesia?
The inability to recall memories from early childhood (usually before age 3-4).