All Flashcards
What is an algorithm?
A methodical, step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution to a particular problem.
What is a heuristic?
A mental shortcut or “rule of thumb” that allows for quick problem-solving, but may be prone to errors.
Define mental set.
The tendency to approach problems in a way that has worked in the past, even if it's not the best method.
What is fixation?
The inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective.
Define intuition.
An automatic thought or a “gut feeling” that arises without conscious reasoning.
What is insight?
The sudden realization of a solution to a problem.
What is inductive reasoning?
Reasoning from specific observations to general conclusions.
What is deductive reasoning?
Reasoning from general principles to specific conclusions.
Define creativity.
The ability to produce ideas that are valuable and original.
What is convergent thinking?
Focusing on finding the single best solution to a problem.
What is divergent thinking?
Exploring multiple possible solutions to a problem.
Compare algorithms and heuristics.
Algorithms guarantee a solution but are slower; heuristics are faster but prone to errors.
Compare mental set and fixation.
Mental set is about using old methods, while fixation is about being stuck in one viewpoint.
Compare inductive and deductive reasoning.
Inductive reasoning goes from specific to general; deductive reasoning goes from general to specific.
Compare convergent and divergent thinking.
Convergent thinking focuses on one best solution; divergent thinking explores multiple solutions.
Contrast the focus of algorithms and heuristics in problem-solving.
Algorithms are process-oriented, focusing on the method, while heuristics are result-oriented, focusing on the solution.
Compare the reliability of intuition and logical reasoning.
Intuition is based on learned associations and can be quick but unreliable, while logical reasoning is structured and more reliable.
Contrast the use of algorithms and trial and error in problem-solving.
Algorithms follow a defined set of steps to guarantee a solution, while trial and error involves trying different methods until one works, without a specific plan.
Compare the cognitive effort required for algorithms and heuristics.
Algorithms require more cognitive effort as they involve following a detailed procedure, while heuristics require less effort as they rely on mental shortcuts.
Compare the outcomes of convergent and divergent thinking in a team project.
Convergent thinking leads to a focused, single solution, while divergent thinking generates a variety of ideas, potentially leading to more innovative outcomes.
Contrast the role of expertise in convergent and divergent thinking.
Expertise can enhance convergent thinking by providing a deeper understanding of a specific solution, while it can broaden divergent thinking by offering more diverse perspectives.
Explain the process-oriented nature of algorithms.
Algorithms focus on the method rather than the speed of finding a solution.
Explain the result-oriented nature of heuristics.
Heuristics focus on finding a solution quickly, even if it's not perfect.
When is it best to use an algorithm?
Use when accuracy is crucial and you have time to follow all steps.
When is it best to use a heuristic?
Use when you need a quick solution and don't have time for a detailed approach.
Explain how a mental set can hinder problem-solving.
It can cause you to apply old methods to new situations where they are not effective.
How does fixation affect problem-solving?
It limits your ability to see alternative solutions or approaches to the problem.
What is the role of expertise in creativity?
The more knowledge you have, the more ideas you can generate.
Explain the threshold theory in relation to intelligence and creativity.
A certain level of intelligence is necessary for creative work, but it's not enough on its own.
Describe the role of intrinsic motivation in creativity.
Being driven by your own interests and satisfaction fosters creativity.
How does a creative environment support creativity?
A supportive environment fosters creativity by encouraging new ideas and risk-taking.