All Flashcards
What is the definition of bias?
Tendency to favor one way of thinking over another; not inherently bad, helps us make quick decisions.
What is the definition of stereotypes?
Fixed models of thinking that classify people into specific categories.
What is the definition of ingroups?
The groups we belong to; groups with which one identifies.
What is the definition of outgroups?
Any groups other than our own; groups with which one does not identify.
What is the definition of ingroup bias?
The tendency to favor our own group over outgroups.
What is the definition of outgroup homogeneity bias?
Perceiving outgroups as all the same, lacking individual differences.
What is the definition of prejudice?
Unjustifiable and negative attitudes toward a group, involving stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and discrimination.
What is the definition of ethnocentrism?
The belief that one's own culture is superior to others.
What is the definition of the just-world phenomenon?
The tendency to believe that people get what they deserve, which can lead to victim-blaming.
What is the definition of discrimination?
An action that treats people differently and can cause harm.
How can the mere-exposure effect be used to reduce prejudice?
Promoting diverse representation in media and society increases exposure and liking.
Give an example of how ethnocentrism can manifest in international relations.
A country believing its political system is superior and trying to impose it on others.
How does the just-world phenomenon contribute to victim-blaming?
Believing people get what they deserve leads to blaming victims for their misfortunes.
How can understanding ingroup/outgroup bias help improve workplace dynamics?
By promoting inclusivity and recognizing potential biases in team assignments and evaluations.
How can confirmation bias affect hiring decisions?
Hiring managers may selectively focus on information that confirms their initial impression of a candidate, reinforcing existing biases.
How can the availability heuristic influence perceptions of crime rates?
Sensationalized media coverage of rare crimes can lead people to overestimate the frequency of such events.
How does scapegoat theory explain prejudice against immigrants during economic downturns?
Immigrants are unfairly blamed for economic problems, providing an outlet for frustration and anger.
How can understanding implicit bias help improve policing practices?
Training officers to recognize and mitigate their unconscious biases can reduce discriminatory practices.
How can the cross-race effect impact eyewitness testimony?
Eyewitnesses may have difficulty accurately identifying individuals of a different race, leading to misidentification.
How can understanding prejudice and discrimination help in creating more inclusive educational policies?
By addressing systemic biases and promoting diversity, equity, and inclusion in curriculum and school practices.
What are the causes and effects of ingroup bias?
Causes: Social identity, group affiliation. Effects: Favoritism, discrimination against outgroups.
What are the causes and effects of ethnocentrism?
Causes: Cultural upbringing, lack of exposure to other cultures. Effects: Prejudice, discrimination, conflict.
What are the causes and effects of scapegoating?
Causes: Frustration, anger, economic hardship. Effects: Increased prejudice, discrimination, violence.
What are the causes and effects of confirmation bias?
Causes: Desire to be right, selective exposure. Effects: Reinforced stereotypes, resistance to change.
What are the causes and effects of the just-world phenomenon?
Causes: Belief in fairness, need for control. Effects: Victim-blaming, reduced empathy.
What are the causes and effects of discrimination?
Causes: Prejudice, stereotypes, power imbalances. Effects: Inequality, social unrest, psychological harm.
What are the causes and effects of the availability heuristic on perceptions of risk?
Causes: Vivid memories, media coverage. Effects: Overestimation of rare risks, anxiety.
What are the causes and effects of outgroup homogeneity bias?
Causes: Limited exposure to outgroups, lack of motivation to differentiate. Effects: Stereotyping, prejudice.
What are the causes and effects of the mere-exposure effect?
Causes: Repeated exposure, familiarity. Effects: Increased liking, reduced prejudice.
What are the causes and effects of stereotypes?
Causes: Social learning, cognitive shortcuts. Effects: Prejudice, discrimination, self-fulfilling prophecies.