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What are the causes and effects of ingroup bias?
Causes: Social identity, group affiliation. Effects: Favoritism, discrimination against outgroups.
What are the causes and effects of ethnocentrism?
Causes: Cultural upbringing, lack of exposure to other cultures. Effects: Prejudice, discrimination, conflict.
What are the causes and effects of scapegoating?
Causes: Frustration, anger, economic hardship. Effects: Increased prejudice, discrimination, violence.
What are the causes and effects of confirmation bias?
Causes: Desire to be right, selective exposure. Effects: Reinforced stereotypes, resistance to change.
What are the causes and effects of the just-world phenomenon?
Causes: Belief in fairness, need for control. Effects: Victim-blaming, reduced empathy.
What are the causes and effects of discrimination?
Causes: Prejudice, stereotypes, power imbalances. Effects: Inequality, social unrest, psychological harm.
What are the causes and effects of the availability heuristic on perceptions of risk?
Causes: Vivid memories, media coverage. Effects: Overestimation of rare risks, anxiety.
What are the causes and effects of outgroup homogeneity bias?
Causes: Limited exposure to outgroups, lack of motivation to differentiate. Effects: Stereotyping, prejudice.
What are the causes and effects of the mere-exposure effect?
Causes: Repeated exposure, familiarity. Effects: Increased liking, reduced prejudice.
What are the causes and effects of stereotypes?
Causes: Social learning, cognitive shortcuts. Effects: Prejudice, discrimination, self-fulfilling prophecies.
How can the mere-exposure effect be used to reduce prejudice?
Promoting diverse representation in media and society increases exposure and liking.
Give an example of how ethnocentrism can manifest in international relations.
A country believing its political system is superior and trying to impose it on others.
How does the just-world phenomenon contribute to victim-blaming?
Believing people get what they deserve leads to blaming victims for their misfortunes.
How can understanding ingroup/outgroup bias help improve workplace dynamics?
By promoting inclusivity and recognizing potential biases in team assignments and evaluations.
How can confirmation bias affect hiring decisions?
Hiring managers may selectively focus on information that confirms their initial impression of a candidate, reinforcing existing biases.
How can the availability heuristic influence perceptions of crime rates?
Sensationalized media coverage of rare crimes can lead people to overestimate the frequency of such events.
How does scapegoat theory explain prejudice against immigrants during economic downturns?
Immigrants are unfairly blamed for economic problems, providing an outlet for frustration and anger.
How can understanding implicit bias help improve policing practices?
Training officers to recognize and mitigate their unconscious biases can reduce discriminatory practices.
How can the cross-race effect impact eyewitness testimony?
Eyewitnesses may have difficulty accurately identifying individuals of a different race, leading to misidentification.
How can understanding prejudice and discrimination help in creating more inclusive educational policies?
By addressing systemic biases and promoting diversity, equity, and inclusion in curriculum and school practices.
What is scapegoat theory?
We blame our anger on specific groups, often exacerbating prejudice.
What is the mere-exposure effect?
Increased exposure to something or someone makes us like them more.
What is confirmation bias, and how does it relate to prejudice?
Tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information that confirms one's beliefs; reinforces stereotypes by focusing on confirming instances.
What is the availability heuristic, and how does it relate to prejudice?
A mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a person's mind; vivid cases that confirm our stereotypes are easily remembered.
What is hindsight bias, and how does it relate to prejudice?
The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it; can result in victim-blaming.
Explain the difference between prejudice and discrimination.
Prejudice is a negative attitude or feeling toward a group, while discrimination is an action that treats people differently and can cause harm.
What is the cross-race effect?
We are better at recognizing faces of our own race.
Explain implicit prejudice.
Prejudice that is held at a subconscious level. People are not always aware of it.
What is social identity?
Defined by the groups we associate with.
Explain how stereotypes can be harmful.
Stereotypes can perpetuate harmful beliefs about gender and other social categories.