What are the causes and effects of ingroup bias?
Causes: Social identity, group affiliation. Effects: Favoritism, discrimination against outgroups.
What are the causes and effects of ethnocentrism?
Causes: Cultural upbringing, lack of exposure to other cultures. Effects: Prejudice, discrimination, conflict.
What are the causes and effects of scapegoating?
Causes: Frustration, anger, economic hardship. Effects: Increased prejudice, discrimination, violence.
What are the causes and effects of confirmation bias?
Causes: Desire to be right, selective exposure. Effects: Reinforced stereotypes, resistance to change.
What are the causes and effects of the just-world phenomenon?
Causes: Belief in fairness, need for control. Effects: Victim-blaming, reduced empathy.
What are the causes and effects of discrimination?
Causes: Prejudice, stereotypes, power imbalances. Effects: Inequality, social unrest, psychological harm.
What are the causes and effects of the availability heuristic on perceptions of risk?
Causes: Vivid memories, media coverage. Effects: Overestimation of rare risks, anxiety.
What are the causes and effects of outgroup homogeneity bias?
Causes: Limited exposure to outgroups, lack of motivation to differentiate. Effects: Stereotyping, prejudice.
What are the causes and effects of the mere-exposure effect?
Causes: Repeated exposure, familiarity. Effects: Increased liking, reduced prejudice.
What are the causes and effects of stereotypes?
Causes: Social learning, cognitive shortcuts. Effects: Prejudice, discrimination, self-fulfilling prophecies.
What is scapegoat theory?
We blame our anger on specific groups, often exacerbating prejudice.
What is the mere-exposure effect?
Increased exposure to something or someone makes us like them more.
What is confirmation bias, and how does it relate to prejudice?
Tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information that confirms one's beliefs; reinforces stereotypes by focusing on confirming instances.
What is the availability heuristic, and how does it relate to prejudice?
A mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a person's mind; vivid cases that confirm our stereotypes are easily remembered.
What is hindsight bias, and how does it relate to prejudice?
The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it; can result in victim-blaming.
Explain the difference between prejudice and discrimination.
Prejudice is a negative attitude or feeling toward a group, while discrimination is an action that treats people differently and can cause harm.
What is the cross-race effect?
We are better at recognizing faces of our own race.
Explain implicit prejudice.
Prejudice that is held at a subconscious level. People are not always aware of it.
What is social identity?
Defined by the groups we associate with.
Explain how stereotypes can be harmful.
Stereotypes can perpetuate harmful beliefs about gender and other social categories.
What is the definition of bias?
Tendency to favor one way of thinking over another; not inherently bad, helps us make quick decisions.
What is the definition of stereotypes?
Fixed models of thinking that classify people into specific categories.
What is the definition of ingroups?
The groups we belong to; groups with which one identifies.
What is the definition of outgroups?
Any groups other than our own; groups with which one does not identify.
What is the definition of ingroup bias?
The tendency to favor our own group over outgroups.
What is the definition of outgroup homogeneity bias?
Perceiving outgroups as all the same, lacking individual differences.
What is the definition of prejudice?
Unjustifiable and negative attitudes toward a group, involving stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and discrimination.
What is the definition of ethnocentrism?
The belief that one's own culture is superior to others.
What is the definition of the just-world phenomenon?
The tendency to believe that people get what they deserve, which can lead to victim-blaming.
What is the definition of discrimination?
An action that treats people differently and can cause harm.
