The subjunctive mood is often used after expressions of doubt, disbelief, or denial, such as 'dudar que,' 'no creer que,' and 'no pensar que.' Example: 'Dudo que él venga' (I doubt that he will come).

'Ser' is used for permanent or inherent characteristics (e.g., origin, identity), while 'estar' is used for temporary states or conditions (e.g., location, feelings).

The personal 'a' is used before a direct object that is a specific person or pet. Example: 'Veo a Juan' (I see Juan).

The imperfect subjunctive is formed from the third-person plural of the preterite and is used in 'si' clauses and to express hypothetical situations. Example: 'Si tuviera dinero, viajaría' (If I had money, I would travel).

The preterite is used for completed actions or events with a definite beginning and end, while the imperfect is used for ongoing actions, descriptions, or habitual actions in the past.

'Por' is used for cause, reason, or motivation, while 'para' is used for purpose, destination, or recipient.

The conditional tense is used to express what would happen under certain circumstances or to make polite requests. Example: 'Me gustaría ir' (I would like to go).

Reflexive verbs indicate that the subject performs the action on themselves. They are accompanied by reflexive pronouns like 'me,' 'te,' 'se,' 'nos,' 'os,' 'se.' Example: 'Me lavo las manos' (I wash my hands).

The present perfect tense is formed with 'haber' + past participle and is used to describe actions that have occurred recently or have relevance to the present. Example: 'He comido' (I have eaten).

The passive voice is formed with 'ser' + past participle and is used when the action is more important than the actor. Example: 'La casa fue construida' (The house was built).

Adjectives must agree in gender and number with the nouns they modify. Example: 'El libro es interesante' (The book is interesting), 'Las casas son grandes' (The houses are big).

Direct object pronouns (me, te, lo/la, nos, os, los/las) replace direct objects, while indirect object pronouns (me, te, le, nos, os, les) replace indirect objects. Example: 'Te lo di' (I gave it to you).

Start with the 3rd person plural preterite form, drop the '-ron' ending, and add '-ra', '-ras', '-ra', '-ramos', '-rais', '-ran'.

Use it to express doubt, uncertainty, wishes, emotions, or impersonal opinions.

'Se' is used with a third-person singular verb to express actions where the actor is not specified (e.g., 'Se dice que...').

'Por' is used for cause, reason, or duration; 'para' is used for purpose, destination, or recipient.

'Ser' is used for permanent characteristics; 'estar' is used for temporary conditions or locations.

Use 'haya' + past participle. It expresses doubt or emotion about a past action.

Use the preterite tense to describe completed actions in the past that had a definite beginning and end.

Use the imperfect tense to describe ongoing or habitual actions in the past, or to set the scene.

Use 'si' + imperfect subjunctive, then conditional simple to express hypothetical situations.

The personal 'a' is used before a direct object that is a specific person or pet.

Use the él/ella/usted form of the present indicative (e.g., Habla, Come, Vive).

Separation of religion from state and public life.

Self-examination of one's own thoughts and feelings.

Belief in something without proof.

A feeling of uncertainty or lack of conviction.

A feeling of deep anxiety about the meaning of life.

A splitting of one's personality into two distinct entities.

The placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts.

A person who is killed because of their religious or other beliefs.

The quality of being open to more than one interpretation; inexactness.

A narrator whose account of events the reader can generally trust.

A narrator whose account of events the reader cannot fully trust.