What is the definition of random variation?
Data values scattered without a discernible pattern, often seen in random samples.
What is the definition of non-random variation?
Indicates an underlying pattern or structure in the data, resulting from measurement error, bias or systematic differences.
What is the definition of a normal curve?
A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve used extensively in statistical inference.
What is the Large Counts Condition?
Both expected successes ($np$) and expected failures ($n(1-p)$) must be at least 10.
What is a Z-score?
A measure of how many standard deviations a data point is from the mean.
What are the differences between random and non-random variation?
Random: No discernible pattern, pure chance | Non-random: Underlying pattern, due to measurement error/bias.
What are the differences between successes and failures in the Large Counts Condition?
Successes: $np \ge 10$, expected number of successes is at least 10 | Failures: $n(1-p) \ge 10$, expected number of failures is at least 10.
What is the formula to check for large counts condition (successes)?
$np \ge 10$, where $n$ = sample size and $p$ = probability of success.
What is the formula to check for large counts condition (failures)?
$n(1-p) \ge 10$, where $n$ = sample size and $p$ = probability of success.
What is the formula for calculating the z-score?
$z = \frac{\hat{p} - p}{\sqrt{\frac{p(1-p)}{n}}}$
What is the formula for calculating the sample proportion?
$\hat{p} = \frac{x}{n}$ where $x$ is the number of successes and $n$ is the sample size.
