Means

Sample median.

Margin of error.

Population mean.

Sample proportion.

2.33

1.96

2.58

2.81

Confidence level

Sample mean

Sample size

Population standard deviation

Increased probability of non-significant results, decreasing the effect size

A narrowed confidence interval, leading to a higher chance of Type I error

Increased likelihood of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis despite violations of assumptions

The widened confidence interval, increasing the risk of falsely stating precision

Substitute outlier values with mean values to minimize their effect on interval computation.

Increase your confidence level to account for extra variability introduced by outliers.

Apply robust statistical techniques like trimming or Winsorizing before computing the interval.

Compute the interval as usual and then adjust its width subjectively based on outlier magnitude.

The standard deviation of the sample scores and the size of the sample.

The minimum and maximum possible scores on the test regardless of sample size.

The range of the sample scores and the size of the population.

The variance of the population scores and the size of the population.

The hypothesized value of group average

Sample standard deviation or estimated standard deviation

Required margin error size

The value of alpha (α)

Binomial distribution

t-distribution

Chi-squared distribution

Normal distribution

It decreases the standard error of the mean.

It lowers the confidence level of the interval.

It increases the variability of data.

It changes the shape of the sampling distribution.

Stratified random sampling

Simple random sampling

Cluster sampling

Convenience sampling