Cause: Racial prejudice and legal interpretations. Effect: Fueled emigration debates, denied Black citizenship.

Cause: Efforts to appease Southern slaveholders. Effect: Increased danger for formerly enslaved people, spurred emigration.

Cause: Belief in Black self-determination and economic opportunity. Effect: Inspired other emigration projects, demonstrated Black capability.

Made it dangerous for formerly enslaved people, even in the North, leading some to seek refuge elsewhere.

Increased the risk for formerly enslaved people, pushing some to emigrate or seek refuge in other countries.

Those who believed true freedom/equality were unattainable in the U.S., seeking it elsewhere.

Those who believed African Americans were entitled to full rights/citizenship in the U.S.

Belief in Black unity, pride, and self-determination, often advocating for separate Black communities.

The belief that anyone born in a country is entitled to the same rights as any other citizen.

The interconnected movement to end slavery, involving activists and ideas from both sides of the Atlantic.

The movement to end slavery and racial discrimination.

The idea that people of African descent have common interests and should be unified.