Effect: Increased anti-Black violence in the North and a surge in Black pride and calls for citizenship.

Effect: Black men were allowed to enlist, despite initial resistance and discrimination.

Effect: It highlighted the deep-seated racism of the time, even within the Union Army.

Effect: It challenged racial stereotypes and strengthened the argument for Black citizenship and equality.

Effect: More Black men were encouraged to enlist in the Union Army, shifting the war's focus to ending slavery.

Effect: The end of slavery, the promise of citizenship for Black Americans, and the start of the Reconstruction Era.

Effect: It demonstrated their commitment to freedom and citizenship, strengthening their claims for equal rights.

Effect: It preserved their bravery and sacrifice, challenging historical narratives and contributing to the fight for civil rights.

Effect: Increased racial tension and violent attacks on Black neighborhoods in the North.

Effect: It asserted their right to be seen as equal citizens and contributed to the eventual abolition of slavery.

Cause: Desire for freedom and citizenship. Effect: Bolstering Union forces and challenging racial stereotypes.

Cause: Resentment over Black military service and the push for Black citizenship. Effect: Increased racial tension and attacks on Black communities.

Cause: Lincoln's desire to weaken the Confederacy and gain support for the Union. Effect: Declared enslaved people free in Confederate territories and paved the way for the 13th Amendment.

Cause: Superior resources, strategy, and the contributions of Black soldiers. Effect: Abolition of slavery and the beginning of Reconstruction.

Cause: White working-class men's resentment over Black military service and the draft. Effect: Violent attacks on Black neighborhoods and increased racial tensions.

Cause: The Union's attempt to capture a strategic Confederate fort. Effect: Recognition for the bravery and valor of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, an African American unit.

Cause: Racial prejudice and discrimination. Effect: Undermined Black soldiers' contributions and sacrifices, highlighting the racial inequalities of the time.

Cause: The conflict over slavery and states' rights. Effect: Devastation of the Southern economy, which was heavily reliant on enslaved labor, leading to significant social and economic changes.

Cause: The growing moral opposition to slavery. Effect: Accelerated the movement, leading to the eventual abolition of slavery and the passage of constitutional amendments.

Cause: The need for community, support, and resistance among African Americans. Effect: Served as centers of community, providing aid to formerly enslaved people and advocating for equality.

A pivotal conflict fought over states' rights and slavery, becoming a fight for Black freedom and citizenship.

The United States of America, fighting to preserve the nation and eventually abolish slavery.

The act of returning a formerly enslaved person back into slavery, a risk faced by Black Union soldiers.

A social and political effort to end slavery, prominent before and during the Civil War.

Oversimplified and often negative beliefs about individuals based on their race.

The concept of African Americans having the same rights, privileges, and responsibilities as other citizens.

Unfair treatment based on prejudice, especially regarding race, age, or sex.

Something transmitted by or received from an ancestor or predecessor or from the past.

The capacity of individuals to act independently and to make their own free choices.

The act of honoring the memory of someone or something, often through a ceremony or monument.