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What was the effect of Virginia's 1662 law?
Established hereditary slavery based on the mother's status.
How did laws define racial categories during slavery?
Tied race to rights and status, reinforced racial hierarchies.
How did legal systems shape racial identity?
Through laws like 'partus' and the 'one-drop rule'.
Cause and effect of 'partus sequitur ventrem'.
Cause: Legal codification. Effect: Hereditary slavery, commodification of women.
Cause and effect of the 'one-drop rule'.
Cause: Maintaining racial hierarchy. Effect: Limited multiracial identities.
Cause and effect of laws defining racial categories.
Cause: Justifying oppression. Effect: Reinforcement of racial hierarchies.
Define 'Partus Sequitur Ventrem'.
A legal principle where a child's legal status is based on the mother's status.
What is a 'social construct'?
A concept created by society, not based on biological reality.
Define 'phenotype'.
Physical traits like skin color that influence racial identity perception.
What is 'hypodescent'?
Assigning a person to the racial group of their socially subordinate parent.
Define the 'one-drop rule'.
Classifying someone with any African ancestry as Black.
What is 'hereditary slavery'?
Slavery that is passed down through generations.
Define 'commodification of reproduction'.
Treating enslaved women's reproductive abilities as a valuable asset.
What are 'racial hierarchies'?
Systems of stratification based on perceived racial differences.
Define 'white supremacy'.
The belief that white people are superior to other races.
What is meant by 'multiracial heritage'?
Having ancestors from more than one racial group.