All Flashcards
What are the differences between competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors?
Competitive: Bind to the active site, blocking the substrate. | Noncompetitive: Bind to an allosteric site, changing the enzyme's shape.
What are the differences between cellular respiration and fermentation?
Cellular respiration: Aerobic, produces more ATP. | Fermentation: Anaerobic, produces less ATP.
What are the key differences between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Photosynthesis: Light energy to chemical energy, occurs in chloroplasts. | Cellular respiration: Chemical energy to ATP, occurs in mitochondria.
What are the differences between photophosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation?
Photophosphorylation: ATP synthesis in photosynthesis. | Oxidative phosphorylation: ATP synthesis in cellular respiration.
What are the differences between Photosystem I and Photosystem II?
Both are embedded in chloroplast membranes and absorb light. They boost electrons to higher energy levels, but differ in the wavelengths of light they absorb and their specific roles in the electron transport chain.
What is the definition of cellular respiration?
Aerobic process that breaks down glucose to produce ATP using oxygen. Occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotes.
What is the definition of ATP (adenosine triphosphate)?
The cell's main energy currency.
What is the definition of enzymes?
Protein catalysts that speed up reactions.
What is the definition of active site?
The specific spot on an enzyme where the substrate (reactant) binds.
What is the definition of denaturation?
When an enzyme loses its shape and function due to factors like temperature or pH.
What is the definition of photosynthesis?
The process of converting light energy into chemical energy (sugars).
What is the definition of fermentation?
An anaerobic process that produces ATP without oxygen (e.g., lactic acid or ethanol).
What is the definition of oxidative phosphorylation?
The process of making ATP using the ETC and ATP synthase in cellular respiration.
What is the definition of photophosphorylation?
The process of making ATP using the ETC and ATP synthase in photosynthesis.
What is the definition of entropy?
The measure of disorder, which always increases in a closed system.
What happens when an enzyme is denatured?
The enzyme loses its shape and function.
What happens when substrate concentration is too low?
The reaction rate slows down.
What happens when substrate concentration is too high?
Enzyme active sites become saturated, reaction rate plateaus.
What happens when energy input drops below energy loss in a system?
The system dies.
What is the effect of a proton gradient across a membrane?
It drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase.
What happens when a competitive inhibitor binds to an enzyme?
It blocks the substrate from binding to the active site.
What happens when a noncompetitive inhibitor binds to an enzyme?
It changes the enzyme's shape, reducing its activity.