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What are the main steps of cellular respiration?
1. Glycolysis: Glucose is broken down into pyruvate. 2. Citric Acid Cycle: Pyruvate is converted into $CO_2$ and $H_2O$, releasing energy. 3. Electron Transport Chain: Energy is used to produce ATP via oxidative phosphorylation.
What are the main steps of photosynthesis?
1. Light-dependent reactions: Light energy is converted into ATP and NADPH. 2. Light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle): $CO_2$ is converted into glucose using ATP and NADPH.
Outline the process of glycolysis.
Glucose is broken down into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH.
Outline the process of the citric acid cycle.
Pyruvate is converted into $CO_2$ and $H_2O$, releasing energy in the form of ATP, NADH, and $FADH_2$.
Outline the process of the electron transport chain.
Energy from NADH and $FADH_2$ is used to pump protons across a membrane, creating a gradient that drives ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation.
What happens if energy input does not exceed energy loss in an organism?
The organism cannot maintain its ordered state, leading to death.
What is the effect of increased light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis?
Increased light intensity generally leads to a higher rate of photosynthesis, up to a certain point.
What is the effect of inhibiting an enzyme in a metabolic pathway?
The reaction catalyzed by that enzyme will be slowed down or stopped, potentially disrupting the entire pathway.
What is the effect of the accumulation of pyruvate in the absence of oxygen?
Fermentation occurs, regenerating $NAD^+$ to allow glycolysis to continue, but producing less ATP than aerobic respiration.
What happens if the electron transport chain is inhibited?
ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation will be significantly reduced or halted.
What are the key differences between cellular respiration and photosynthesis?
Cellular Respiration: Breaks down glucose to produce ATP, uses oxygen, releases $CO_2$ and $H_2O$. Photosynthesis: Converts light energy into glucose, releases oxygen, uses $CO_2$ and $H_2O$.
Compare and contrast light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis.
Light-dependent: Requires light, produces ATP and NADPH, occurs in thylakoid membranes. Light-independent: Does not require light directly, uses ATP and NADPH to fix $CO_2$ into glucose, occurs in the stroma.
Differentiate between catabolic and anabolic pathways.
Catabolic: Breaks down complex molecules, releases energy. Anabolic: Builds complex molecules, requires energy.
Differentiate between autotrophs and heterotrophs.
Autotrophs: Organisms that can produce their own food using light or chemical energy. Heterotrophs: Organisms that obtain energy by consuming other organisms.
What is the difference between potential and kinetic energy?
Potential Energy: Stored energy due to position or structure. Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion.