Cellular Respiration: Breaks down glucose to produce ATP, uses oxygen, releases $CO_2$ and $H_2O$. Photosynthesis: Converts light energy into glucose, releases oxygen, uses $CO_2$ and $H_2O$.

Light-dependent: Requires light, produces ATP and NADPH, occurs in thylakoid membranes. Light-independent: Does not require light directly, uses ATP and NADPH to fix $CO_2$ into glucose, occurs in the stroma.

Catabolic: Breaks down complex molecules, releases energy. Anabolic: Builds complex molecules, requires energy.

Autotrophs: Organisms that can produce their own food using light or chemical energy. Heterotrophs: Organisms that obtain energy by consuming other organisms.

Potential Energy: Stored energy due to position or structure. Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion.

The most basic form of cellular energy.

A measure of disorder in a system; entropy always increases in a closed system according to the second law of thermodynamics.

The process that converts glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.

The process that converts light energy into chemical energy (glucose).

A series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that convert molecules through chemical reactions.

1. Glycolysis: Glucose is broken down into pyruvate. 2. Citric Acid Cycle: Pyruvate is converted into $CO_2$ and $H_2O$, releasing energy. 3. Electron Transport Chain: Energy is used to produce ATP via oxidative phosphorylation.

1. Light-dependent reactions: Light energy is converted into ATP and NADPH. 2. Light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle): $CO_2$ is converted into glucose using ATP and NADPH.

Glucose is broken down into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH.

Pyruvate is converted into $CO_2$ and $H_2O$, releasing energy in the form of ATP, NADH, and $FADH_2$.

Energy from NADH and $FADH_2$ is used to pump protons across a membrane, creating a gradient that drives ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation.