Cellular Respiration: Breaks down glucose to produce ATP, uses oxygen, releases $CO_2$ and $H_2O$. Photosynthesis: Converts light energy into glucose, releases oxygen, uses $CO_2$ and $H_2O$.

Light-dependent: Requires light, produces ATP and NADPH, occurs in thylakoid membranes. Light-independent: Does not require light directly, uses ATP and NADPH to fix $CO_2$ into glucose, occurs in the stroma.

Catabolic: Breaks down complex molecules, releases energy. Anabolic: Builds complex molecules, requires energy.

Autotrophs: Organisms that can produce their own food using light or chemical energy. Heterotrophs: Organisms that obtain energy by consuming other organisms.

Potential Energy: Stored energy due to position or structure. Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion.

The organism cannot maintain its ordered state, leading to death.

Increased light intensity generally leads to a higher rate of photosynthesis, up to a certain point.

The reaction catalyzed by that enzyme will be slowed down or stopped, potentially disrupting the entire pathway.

Fermentation occurs, regenerating $NAD^+$ to allow glycolysis to continue, but producing less ATP than aerobic respiration.

ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation will be significantly reduced or halted.

1. Glycolysis: Glucose is broken down into pyruvate. 2. Citric Acid Cycle: Pyruvate is converted into $CO_2$ and $H_2O$, releasing energy. 3. Electron Transport Chain: Energy is used to produce ATP via oxidative phosphorylation.

1. Light-dependent reactions: Light energy is converted into ATP and NADPH. 2. Light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle): $CO_2$ is converted into glucose using ATP and NADPH.

Glucose is broken down into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH.

Pyruvate is converted into $CO_2$ and $H_2O$, releasing energy in the form of ATP, NADH, and $FADH_2$.

Energy from NADH and $FADH_2$ is used to pump protons across a membrane, creating a gradient that drives ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation.