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What are the differences between negative and positive feedback loops?
Negative feedback: Counteracts changes to maintain the status quo. | Positive feedback: Amplifies changes, creating more of something.
What are the key differences between Mitosis and Meiosis?
Mitosis: Nuclear division for growth and repair, produces identical cells. | Meiosis: Cell division for sexual reproduction, produces genetically different cells.
What is the difference between hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules?
Hydrophobic: Water-repelling. | Hydrophilic: Water-attracting.
Compare and contrast plasmodesmata and gap junctions.
Plasmodesmata: Channels between plant cells. | Gap Junctions: Channels between animal cells.
What are the differences between paracrine and endocrine signaling?
Paracrine: Short-distance signaling. | Endocrine: Long-distance signaling via bloodstream.
What are the three steps of signal transduction?
Reception, Transduction, Response.
List the phases of the cell cycle.
Interphase (G1, S, G2), Mitosis (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase), Cytokinesis.
What happens during the Reception stage of signal transduction?
The cell receives a signal (ligand) via a receptor protein.
What happens during the Transduction stage of signal transduction?
The signal is passed through the cell, often amplified.
What happens during the Response stage of signal transduction?
The cell carries out the instructions from the signal.
Briefly describe what happens during the G1 phase.
Cell growth.
Briefly describe what happens during the S phase.
DNA replication.
Briefly describe what happens during the G2 phase.
Continued growth and preparation for division.
List the phases of Mitosis.
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
What is the role of Cdk-Cyclin complex in the cell cycle?
Cyclin levels rise to trigger mitosis; when cyclin levels fall, mitosis stops.
What happens when a mutation occurs in the p53 gene?
Can lead to uncontrolled cell division due to impaired DNA repair or apoptosis.
What is the effect of chemicals on signal transduction pathways?
Can activate or inhibit parts of the pathway, causing unintended responses.
What is the effect of errors in the cell cycle?
Can lead to diseases like cancer due to uncontrolled cell growth.
What happens when cyclin levels rise?
Triggers mitosis.
What is the effect of a mutation in a receptor protein?
Can disrupt the signal transduction pathway and the normal cellular response.
What is the effect of positive feedback loops?
Amplify changes, creating more of something.