All Flashcards
What is the definition of Juxtacrine signaling?
Direct contact between cells for communication.
What is the definition of Paracrine signaling?
Short-distance cell communication.
What is the definition of Autocrine signaling?
A cell signals itself.
What is the definition of Endocrine signaling?
Long-distance communication using the bloodstream.
What is the definition of Signal Transduction?
How cells receive, process, and respond to signals.
What is the definition of Homeostasis?
Maintaining a stable internal environment.
What is the definition of Apoptosis?
Programmed cell death.
What is the definition of a Ligand?
Signaling molecule that binds to a receptor.
What is the definition of Interphase?
The G1, S, and G2 phases of the cell cycle.
What is the definition of Cytokinesis?
Cell division into two daughter cells.
What are the differences between negative and positive feedback loops?
Negative feedback: Counteracts changes to maintain the status quo. | Positive feedback: Amplifies changes, creating more of something.
What are the key differences between Mitosis and Meiosis?
Mitosis: Nuclear division for growth and repair, produces identical cells. | Meiosis: Cell division for sexual reproduction, produces genetically different cells.
What is the difference between hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules?
Hydrophobic: Water-repelling. | Hydrophilic: Water-attracting.
Compare and contrast plasmodesmata and gap junctions.
Plasmodesmata: Channels between plant cells. | Gap Junctions: Channels between animal cells.
What are the differences between paracrine and endocrine signaling?
Paracrine: Short-distance signaling. | Endocrine: Long-distance signaling via bloodstream.
What are the three steps of signal transduction?
Reception, Transduction, Response.
List the phases of the cell cycle.
Interphase (G1, S, G2), Mitosis (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase), Cytokinesis.
What happens during the Reception stage of signal transduction?
The cell receives a signal (ligand) via a receptor protein.
What happens during the Transduction stage of signal transduction?
The signal is passed through the cell, often amplified.
What happens during the Response stage of signal transduction?
The cell carries out the instructions from the signal.
Briefly describe what happens during the G1 phase.
Cell growth.
Briefly describe what happens during the S phase.
DNA replication.
Briefly describe what happens during the G2 phase.
Continued growth and preparation for division.
List the phases of Mitosis.
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
What is the role of Cdk-Cyclin complex in the cell cycle?
Cyclin levels rise to trigger mitosis; when cyclin levels fall, mitosis stops.