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What is the definition of cell cycle checkpoints?
Quality control stops during cell division that prevent errors and uncontrolled cell growth.
What is the definition of the G0 phase?
A resting phase the cell enters when it doesn't meet the requirements of the G1 checkpoint.
What is the definition of Cdk?
Cyclin-dependent kinase; a protein always present in the cytoplasm that regulates the cell cycle when bound to cyclin.
What is the definition of Cyclin?
A protein whose levels fluctuate during the cell cycle, binding to Cdk to trigger mitosis.
What is the definition of p53?
A protein that detects DNA damage, stops cell division, triggers DNA repair, or initiates apoptosis if damage is irreparable.
What is the definition of metastasis?
The ability of cancerous cells to spread to other parts of the body.
What is the definition of apoptosis?
Programmed cell death; a normal and controlled process that removes damaged or mutated cells.
What happens when DNA replication errors occur?
The G2 checkpoint pauses the cell cycle for repairs to prevent mutations.
What happens when p53 malfunctions?
DNA damage goes undetected, cell division continues with damaged DNA, potentially leading to cancer.
What happens when apoptosis is inhibited?
Damaged or mutated cells are not removed, potentially leading to cancer or developmental issues.
What happens when the G1 checkpoint fails?
The cell may divide without sufficient resources or being large enough, potentially leading to errors in replication and division.
What happens when the metaphase checkpoint fails?
The cell divides with misaligned chromosomes, leading to aneuploidy and potentially cell death or mutations.
What are the steps of the Cdk-Cyclin complex activation?
1. Cyclin levels increase during interphase. 2. Cyclin binds to Cdk. 3. The complex triggers mitosis. 4. Cyclin degrades, deactivating Cdk.
What are the steps of p53's response to DNA damage?
1. p53 detects DNA damage. 2. p53 stops cell division. 3. p53 triggers DNA repair. 4. If damage is irreparable, p53 triggers apoptosis.
What are the steps of Apoptosis?
Lysosome bursts, causing cell death.