All Flashcards
What are the differences between normal cells and cancerous cells?
Normal cells: Regulated cell division, controlled growth | Cancerous cells: Unregulated cell division, ability to metastasize.
What are the differences between Growth Promoter Genes and Tumor Suppressor Genes?
Growth Promoter Genes: When ON = unlimited growth | Tumor Suppressor Genes: When OFF = ignore checkpoint stop signs.
What happens when DNA replication errors occur?
The G2 checkpoint pauses the cell cycle for repairs to prevent mutations.
What happens when p53 malfunctions?
DNA damage goes undetected, cell division continues with damaged DNA, potentially leading to cancer.
What happens when apoptosis is inhibited?
Damaged or mutated cells are not removed, potentially leading to cancer or developmental issues.
What happens when the G1 checkpoint fails?
The cell may divide without sufficient resources or being large enough, potentially leading to errors in replication and division.
What happens when the metaphase checkpoint fails?
The cell divides with misaligned chromosomes, leading to aneuploidy and potentially cell death or mutations.
What are the steps of the Cdk-Cyclin complex activation?
- Cyclin levels increase during interphase. 2. Cyclin binds to Cdk. 3. The complex triggers mitosis. 4. Cyclin degrades, deactivating Cdk.
What are the steps of p53's response to DNA damage?
- p53 detects DNA damage. 2. p53 stops cell division. 3. p53 triggers DNA repair. 4. If damage is irreparable, p53 triggers apoptosis.
What are the steps of Apoptosis?
Lysosome bursts, causing cell death.