All Flashcards
What are the differences between normal cells and cancerous cells?
Normal cells: Regulated cell division, controlled growth | Cancerous cells: Unregulated cell division, ability to metastasize.
What are the differences between Growth Promoter Genes and Tumor Suppressor Genes?
Growth Promoter Genes: When ON = unlimited growth | Tumor Suppressor Genes: When OFF = ignore checkpoint stop signs.
What is the definition of cell cycle checkpoints?
Quality control stops during cell division that prevent errors and uncontrolled cell growth.
What is the definition of the G0 phase?
A resting phase the cell enters when it doesn't meet the requirements of the G1 checkpoint.
What is the definition of Cdk?
Cyclin-dependent kinase; a protein always present in the cytoplasm that regulates the cell cycle when bound to cyclin.
What is the definition of Cyclin?
A protein whose levels fluctuate during the cell cycle, binding to Cdk to trigger mitosis.
What is the definition of p53?
A protein that detects DNA damage, stops cell division, triggers DNA repair, or initiates apoptosis if damage is irreparable.
What is the definition of metastasis?
The ability of cancerous cells to spread to other parts of the body.
What is the definition of apoptosis?
Programmed cell death; a normal and controlled process that removes damaged or mutated cells.
What are the steps of the Cdk-Cyclin complex activation?
- Cyclin levels increase during interphase. 2. Cyclin binds to Cdk. 3. The complex triggers mitosis. 4. Cyclin degrades, deactivating Cdk.
What are the steps of p53's response to DNA damage?
- p53 detects DNA damage. 2. p53 stops cell division. 3. p53 triggers DNA repair. 4. If damage is irreparable, p53 triggers apoptosis.
What are the steps of Apoptosis?
Lysosome bursts, causing cell death.