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What are the differences between genotype and phenotype?
Genotype: Genetic makeup (alleles) | Phenotype: Physical appearance of a trait.
What is the key difference in inheritance patterns between autosomal and sex-linked traits?
Autosomal: Affects males and females equally. Sex-linked: Different inheritance patterns in males and females due to X and Y chromosomes.
What is the effect of having a homozygous recessive genotype?
The recessive phenotype is expressed.
Why are males more likely to be affected by X-linked recessive traits?
Males only have one X chromosome.
What is the typical phenotypic ratio in a dihybrid cross between two heterozygotes?
9:3:3:1
Describe the Law of Segregation.
During gamete formation, allele pairs separate, so each gamete gets only one allele per trait.
Describe the Law of Independent Assortment.
Alleles for different traits separate independently of each other during gamete formation.
How do you predict the probability of two independent events both happening?
Multiply their individual probabilities.