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What are the key differences between mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis: Produces identical cells, used for growth/repair. Meiosis: Produces unique cells, used for sexual reproduction.
Differentiate between independent assortment and crossing over.
Independent assortment: Random arrangement of chromosomes. Crossing over: Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes.
Compare genotype and phenotype.
Genotype: Genetic makeup. Phenotype: Observable characteristics resulting from genotype and environment.
Define independent assortment.
Genes for different traits are sorted into gametes independently during meiosis.
Define crossing over.
Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis I.
Define genotype.
The genetic makeup of an organism.
Define phenotype.
The observable characteristics of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.
Define nondisjunction.
Failure of chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis.
Define allele.
A variant form of a gene.
Briefly outline the process of meiosis.
Meiosis I: Homologous chromosomes separate. Meiosis II: Sister chromatids separate, resulting in four unique haploid cells.
What is the role of random fertilization in sexual reproduction?
Random fertilization increases genetic variation by creating unique combinations of alleles.