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What is the effect of a mutation in a promoter region?
Can alter the rate of transcription of the gene.
What is the effect of mutations in DNA?
Can alter gene expression and lead to new phenotypes.
What is the effect of natural selection?
Leads to changes in the genetic makeup of a population over time, favoring traits that enhance survival and reproduction.
What is the effect of cell specialization?
Different cells in an organism have different functions because they express different sets of genes.
What is the effect of alternative splicing?
Different mRNA molecules and ultimately different proteins can be produced from the same gene sequence.
What are the main steps of DNA replication?
1. Helicase unwinds the DNA. 2. Primase adds RNA primers. 3. DNA Polymerase extends the primers. 4. Ligase seals the gaps.
What are the main steps of transcription?
1. RNA Polymerase binds to the promoter. 2. RNA Polymerase synthesizes a complementary RNA strand. 3. RNA Processing: introns are removed, exons are joined, 5' cap and poly(A) tail are added.
What are the main steps of translation?
1. Ribosomes read mRNA codons. 2. tRNA brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome. 3. Amino acids are linked to form a polypeptide chain. 4. Protein Folding: The protein folds into its functional 3D shape.
Briefly describe the process of natural selection.
Organisms with traits better suited to their environment survive and reproduce, leading to changes in the genetic makeup of a population over time.
What are the steps of PCR?
1. Denaturation: Heat to separate DNA strands. 2. Annealing: Cool to allow primers to bind. 3. Elongation: DNA polymerase extends primers to amplify DNA.
What are the key differences between DNA and RNA?
DNA: Double-stranded, uses Thymine (T), contains deoxyribose sugar. | RNA: Single-stranded, uses Uracil (U), contains ribose sugar.
What are the key differences between transcription and translation?
Transcription: DNA to RNA, occurs in the nucleus. | Translation: RNA to Protein, occurs in the cytoplasm at ribosomes.
Differentiate between genotype and phenotype.
Genotype: The genetic makeup of an organism. | Phenotype: The observable traits of an organism.
Compare and contrast enhancers and silencers.
Enhancers: Increase transcription of a gene. | Silencers: Decrease transcription of a gene.
Compare and contrast mutation and recombination.
Mutation: New variations in DNA sequence. | Recombination: Shuffling of genes during sexual reproduction.