Chemistry of Life
If a population of rabbits with varying fur colors migrates into a snowy environment, which genetic concept explains the increase in frequency of alleles for white fur color over generations?
Gene flow
Genetic drift
Mutation rate
Natural selection
When comparing DNA and RNA molecules, which component varies to contribute to their functional differences?
Phosphate groups
The sugar present (deoxyribose vs ribose)
Hydrogen bonding patterns between bases
Nitrogenous base sequences
The __ structure of amino acids allows for differentiation.
Carbon center
Amine group
R-group
Carboxyl
A mutation occurs such that a single nucleotide change creates a new restriction site recognized by enzyme Y within a non-coding region close to Gene X; how could this most directly affect evolutionary fitness?
By causing an immediate frameshift mutation leading to altered protein function from Gene X's coding sequence directly affecting survival chances.
By altering regulatory elements modulating Gene X's expression impacting phenotypes subject to natural selection.
By replacing essential amino acids within Gene X leading directly to loss-of-function mutations influencing organismal adaptability within its environment abruptly post-mutation emergence.
By triggering premature stop codons in Gene X resulting in nonfunctional proteins reducing reproductive success rate dramatically instantly after mutation occurrence.
In protein secondary structure formation, what kind of interaction stabilizes alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets?
Hydrogen bonding between parts of the polypeptide backbone
Van der Waals forces among hydrophobic side chains
Disulfide bridges between cysteine residues
Ionic bonding between charged R-groups side chains
If a mutation occurs that significantly increases the efficiency of an enzyme responsible for a key step in a primary producer's metabolic pathway, what is the most likely immediate ecological impact?
Decreased energy transfer efficiency at higher trophic levels.
An increase in the population size of the primary producer.
No significant change due to genetic drift overshadowing selection.
A decrease in biodiversity within that ecosystem.
What role does water play in contributing to the structure and stability of proteins at the molecular level?
Water provides hydration shells around proteins, easing their passage through cellular membranes.
Water participates in hydrogen bonds that maintain secondary and tertiary protein structures.
Water acts as a buffering agent that maintains pH levels, thus preventing protein denaturation.
Water directly competes with protein subunits for binding sites, thereby influencing quaternary structure formation.

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Considering the principle that structure dictates function within biological macromolecules, what impact would a point mutation causing a change from hydrophilic to hydrophobic amino acid have on protein function?
It might enhance solubility and interaction with other polar molecules improving function.
It could lead to destabilization of the protein structure, reducing function.
It could lead to improper folding or mislocalization affecting protein function.
It would have no effect on protein function.
In DNA, why does adenine always pair with thymine?
They carry opposite charges that attract each other across the DNA double helix structure.
They share similar molecular weights allowing them to balance each other out on the DNA strand.
They form two hydrogen bonds with each other, fitting complementary shapes.
They are both purines and thus are structurally compatible for pairing within the helix framework.
What outcome can be predicted if a keystone species that functions as an engineer (e.g., beavers) is removed from a wetland ecosystem?
Reductions in aquatic nutrient concentrations due solely to decreased biotic uptake
Changes in physical habitat leading to altered structure and diversity of other species communities
Enhanced algal blooms resultant from increased sunlight penetration and temperature
Disproportionate increases in secondary consumer populations as lower trophic levels collapse