Cell Structure and Function

They compensate for dietary intake of carbohydrates and proteins that lead to increased metabolic waste production, requiring more flushing to maintain chemical homeostasis.

They use active transport to rid themselves of ions rapidly because being surrounded by lower-ion-content waters makes them vulnerable to toxic buildup.

They expel vast quantities because their kidneys have inefficient reabsorption capabilities evolved specifically to cope with living in environments where liquid resources are abundant and plentifully available.

They constantly absorb excessive amounts of ambient water by osmosis due to their internal saltier conditions relative to their environment, necessitating frequent elimination.

Osmoregulators

Aquaporins

Channel proteins

Na/K pump

If water potential outside of the plant cell is higher than the water potential of the plant cells

If water potential outside of the plant cell is equal to the water potential of the plant cells

If the pressure potential of the leaves increased to 1 Mpa

If water potential outside of the plant cell is lower than the water potential of the plant cells

Synthesis of fatty acids within the cell walls as a water repellent layer

Passive blocking of root cell membrane pores at night to minimize absorption

Active pumping of water out of the root cells into soil to avoid saturation

Active regulation of solute concentrations in root cells creates a balance that avoids over-hydration

It expels excess water that diffuses into the organism from its hypotonic environment.

It takes up additional water to prevent dehydration within their hypertonic habitat.

It gathers food particles by creating currents in its surrounding medium for nutrition absorption.

It stores nutrients for periods when environmental resources are scarce or depleted.

Diffusion

Tonicity

Aquaporin

Water potential

Hydrophilic

Hypotonic

Hypertonic

Isotonic

Active transport of ions out of the protist.

Facilitated diffusion of glucose into the protist.

Endocytosis of large particles into the protist.

Osmosis of water out of the protist.

Lysis, as water enters the cell causing it to swell.

Crenation, as water leaves the cell causing it to shrink.

Plasmolysis, where the cytoplasm pulls away from the cell wall in plants.

Turgidity, as water enters and creates outward pressure on the cell wall.

Salt-secreting glands to eliminate concentrated salt solutions

Gills that actively absorb salt from their surroundings

Thick skin that minimizes water absorption

Highly efficient kidneys to excrete excess water