Cell Structure and Function
If a mutation occurred at a single locus in an organism's DNA sequence and did not affect phenotype or fitness, this change would best illustrate which concept within population genetics?
Bottleneck effect
Directional selection
Neutral variation
Founder effect
How does secondary active transport differ from primary active transport?
It uses energy from pre-existing ion gradients to drive transport of other substances such as glucose against their gradients.
It directly uses ATP to rapidly move ions across the membrane without relying on ion gradients.
It relies on simple diffusion to facilitate the movement of substances so ion channels remain open longer.
It self-regulates by preventing any molecular transport until cellular energy levels are stabilized sufficiently.
What type of transport is required for potassium ions to move against their concentration gradient across a cell membrane?
Passive transport
Diffusion
Osmosis
Active transport
Which method would provide the most reliable information when determining whether species share common ancestry based on molecular data?
Comparing amino acid sequences of homologous proteins
Comparing total number of nucleotide differences without regard to position
Correlating variations in skull shape with DNA similarity levels
Establishing behavioral similarities through ecological observation
When considering the bottleneck effect, what outcome would you expect for genetic diversity within a population after a catastrophic event?
Genetic diversity decreases due to the reduction of individuals contributing alleles to the gene pool.
There is no significant impact on genetic diversity since only those with beneficial traits survive.
Genetic diversity increases as new mutations arise quickly post-catastrophe for survival benefits.
Genetic diversity remains stable because populations tend to recover rapidly after such events with no loss of alleles.
What would likely occur if aquaporins in plant root cells were mutated so that they no longer functioned properly?
Accelerated growth rate due to COâ‚‚ influx
Enhanced resistance to soil pathogens
Decreased water uptake from soil
Increased nutrient absorption efficiency
What type of transport requires energy to move substances across a cell membrane?
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
Osmosis
Diffusion

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Which process would most likely result in a net uptake of glucose by intestinal epithelial cells when the glucose concentration is higher inside the cells than in the gut lumen?
Filtration
Facilitated diffusion
Simple diffusion
Secondary active transport
What systemic consequence can arise if aquaporins lose selectivity allowing ions along with water through?
Diminished requirement for energy expenditure in active transport systems, owing to sparing effects
Augmented rate of photosynthesis in chloroplasts due to extra influx of substances
Electrolyte imbalances resulting in disrupted neural communication
Increased efficiency in waste removal by kidneys, hence improved homeostatic regulation
If a cell is placed in a solution where the concentration of nonpenetrating solutes outside the cell is higher than inside, what will happen to the volume of that cell over time?
The cell will swell as water moves in via osmosis.
The cell will initially shrink but eventually reach equilibrium and return to its original volume.
The cell volume will remain unchanged as there is no net movement of water.
The cell will shrink as water moves out via osmosis.