Gene Expression and Regulation
If a new nucleotide analog inhibits both leading and lagging strand synthesis only after an initial segment of DNA has been replicated, which component of replication is this analog most likely interfering with?
Telomerase
Primase
Topoisomerase
Sliding clamp (PCNA)
Which component ensures that there are no errors introduced during the process of replication?
The proofreading function of DNA polymerase.
The initial step performed by helicase enzymes.
The activity of topoisomerase enzymes.
The action of single-stranded binding proteins.
What role does topoisomerase play in preventing issues during the process of replicating a long segment of chromosomal DNA?
It ensures accurate base-pairing by replacing incorrectly paired bases before finalizing formation on newly synthesized segments.
It synthesizes short segments of RNA primer needed for initiating synthesis on both leading and lagging strands.
It prevents supercoiling by cutting and rejoining one or both strands of the helix ahead or behind the replication fork as necessary.
It seals nicks between adjacent Okazaki fragments on lagging strand after removals and replacement with corresponding deoxyribonucleotide sequences have occurred.
What key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells would influence how many primers are needed during their respective processes for replicating chromosomal DNA?
Eukaryotic genomes, with their larger magnitude and complexity, dictate needing a greater quantity of distinct types of RNA primers compared to the simpler genome of prokaryotic organisms
Prokaryotes replicate their genomic material more rapidly necessitating usage of a higher number of primases compared to those found within eukaryotic counterparts
Eukaryotes possess telomerase, making them capable of using fewer primers than prokaryotes that lack telomerase activity
Eukaryotes have linear chromosomes requiring multiple RNA primers per chromosome whereas Prokaryotes have circular chromosomes generally requiring only single primer initiation event per chromosome
What is the role of DNA polymerase in DNA replication?
It cuts out damaged DNA segments.
It unwinds the double helix.
It joins Okazaki fragments.
It adds nucleotides to a growing DNA strand.
What would be an expected consequence of a mutation that causes telomerase to be overly active in somatic cells?
Decreased genetic diversity due to reduced frequency of cellular division.
Increased risk of cancerous growths due to extended cell lifespans and potential loss of genomic stability.
Heightened immune response from rapid T-cell proliferation.
Accelerated aging as a result of premature telomere shortening.
In which direction does DNA polymerase III add new nucleotides to a newly forming DNA strand during replication?
5' to 3' direction
3' to 5' direction
10' to 30' direction, but only on the lagging strand
Without specificity

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During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication primarily take place?
M Phase
G2 Phase
G1 Phase
S Phase
Which molecule serves as the primer for DNA synthesis?
An entire chromosome segment
A short piece of RNA
A single amino acid chain
A full-length piece of DNA
Considering a mutation in the DNA polymerase gene that reduces proofreading ability, which outcome would most likely increase in a eukaryotic cell?
Greater stability of the replication fork structure.
Elevated rate of spontaneous mutations during replication.
Enhanced binding affinity between DNA polymerase and primer.
Increased efficiency of Okazaki fragment joining.