Natural Selection
Phylogenetic trees show:
quantifiable nucleotide differences
similarities in morphology
evolutionary relationships between organisms
similarities of embryonic development
How does the concept of molecular clocks challenge the traditional morphological approach to estimating phylogenetic relationships between species?
Molecular clocks require complete fossil records for calibration, contradicting morphology-based methods
Morphology focuses on visible traits, while molecular clocks rely solely on DNA sequence comparisons
Molecular data often leads to reclassification that opposes well-established morphological taxonomy
It suggests that rates of molecular change can be more consistent than morphological changes over time
In a phylogenetic tree, what does a node where two branches diverge represent?
Genetic drift events
A common ancestor
An extinct species
Geographic barriers for dispersal
In considering coevolutionary relationships, which principle best describes why reciprocal changes in interacting biological systems can contribute complexly towards shaping contemporary phenotypes?
Pleiotropy emphasizing single gene effects influencing multiple phenotypic expressions.
Group selection proposing altruistic traits benefit groups despite individual costs.
Orthogenesis suggesting an inherent drive towards specific complexities or goals.
The Red Queen hypothesis positing ongoing adaptation for relative fitness between interacting populations or species.
A diagram that is very similar to a phylogenetic tree is called a __.
Cladogram
Extinction vortex
Homology chart
Pedigree
What would be an expected result if you compare the cytochrome c gene sequence among various species to construct a phylogenetic tree?
High correlation between phenotypic differences genetic divergence observed cytochrome c gene.
Consistent rates mutation throughout evolutionary history organism.
Diverse length variation within cytochrome c gene across all compared species.
Species with fewer changes in their cytochrome c gene sequence are more closely related.
Which process could result in a homoplasy on a phylogenetic tree?
Vertical gene transfer from parent to offspring
Co-speciation resulting from symbiotic relationships
Gene duplication followed by functional divergence
Convergent evolution

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In phylogenetic trees, how do you know if two species are sister taxa?
All of the branched points are far apart.
They have different branched points.
All of the branched points are close together.
They extend from the same immediate branched point.
If a newly discovered species of plant exhibits traits most common to two different clades within a larger phylogenetic tree, what is the most likely explanation for this observation?
The plant species is a direct descendant of the last common ancestor of the two clades.
The shared traits are ancestral traits that have been preserved in all three groups.
Convergent evolution has led to similar traits in distantly related clades.
Horizontal gene transfer occurred between members of the two clades and the new species.
Which evolutionary trait would most likely disrupt the phylogenetic tree of a bird species if introduced through horizontal gene transfer from an insect?
Genes altering beak shape variability.
Genes modifying migratory behavior patterns.
Genes conferring exoskeleton development.
Genes influencing feather color patterns.