Ecology
In a trophic cascade where top predators are removed from an ecosystem, what could be a potential outcome on the carbon cycle at the ecosystem level?
Elevated levels of atmospheric CO2 due to decreased plant biomass from overgrazing by herbivores.
Decreased levels of atmospheric CO2 owing to increased plant growth without predation pressure on herbivores.
Reduced decomposition rates leading to carbon sequestration in soil as detritus accumulation increases.
No change in atmospheric CO2 since only aquatic systems are affected by changes in predator populations.
When studies show that biomass accumulation can decrease at higher trophic levels but also reveal certain predators can stimulate plant growth via herbivore regulation, which outcome complexly integrates these principles?
Biomass at higher trophic level is constrained by energy losses but can also induce trophic cascades that enhance primary productivity.
All predators exert equal pressure on herbivores, resulting in homogeneous effects on plant biomass regardless of energy distributions.
Higher trophic levels concentrate biomass regardless of energy dissipation due to efficient predation dynamics.
Biomass accumulation is uniform across trophic levels since energy transfer efficiency is constant throughout food chains.
In an aquatic ecosystem, what would most likely happen if a toxin selectively killed keystone predatory fish?
An increase in herbivorous fish population leading to overgrazing of algae.
An increase in aquatic plant biomass due to reduced predation pressure.
A decrease in zooplankton due to reduced competition for food resources.
No change, as other predators would immediately fill their ecological niche.
What feature of a leaf's structure most directly facilitates efficient energy capture in an ecosystem?
Extensive root system enhances uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Thick waxy cuticle minimizes water loss during transpiration.
Broad, flat surface area optimizes light absorption for photosynthesis.
Deeply lobed margins increase oxygen release to the atmosphere.
If a volcanic eruption introduces a significant amount of ash into an aquatic ecosystem, disrupting light penetration and primary productivity, what immediate effect could this have on the carbon cycle within this ecosystem?
Increased decomposition rates due to higher nutrient availability.
Reduced carbon fixation by photosynthetic organisms leading to lower CO2 uptake.
Elevated atmospheric CO2 levels due to diminished aquatic plant respiration.
Enhanced carbon sequestration in the sediment from ash deposits.
If a forest ecosystem exhibits high primary productivity but low net primary productivity (NPP), what could be a plausible explanation?
A large proportion of biomass produced is consumed by decomposers.
Predators are highly efficient at transferring energy up trophic levels.
The ecosystem has a high rate of herbivory decreasing plant biomass quickly.
There is minimal sunlight available for photosynthesis among producers.
How does bioaccumulation affect higher trophic levels in a food chain?
Increases biodiversity by promoting species adaptations.
Decreases overall biomass at lower trophic levels.
Concentrates toxins more in higher trophic levels.
Reduces reproductive success equally across all trophic levels.

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In a food web consisting of grass, grasshoppers, frogs, and snakes, which trophic level would exhibit the greatest loss of usable energy in the form of heat during cellular respiration?
Grass
Grasshoppers
Frogs
Snakes
What long-term effect might the introduction of non-native decomposer species have upon an established temperate forest's nutrient cycles, particularly the phosphorus cycle?
Potential disruption of the normal phosphorus recycling processes, possibly altering the availability of essential minerals necessary for maintaining a balanced system.
Faster replacement of older trees with younger ones, resulting in an enhanced speed of decomposition and returning nutrients quickly.
Gradual evolution of existing fungal and bacterial communities to coexist peacefully with the newly arrived non-native decomposers, without significant changes in dynamics.
Immediate enhancement of overall fertility of forest floors, as there is a greater breakdown of organic material into usable components.
What would be an unexpected long-term consequence for terrestrial plants if mycorrhizal fungi were suddenly absent from soils rich with decomposers like bacteria and earthworms?
Excessive root growth due to compensatory adaptations in response to reduced fungus aid
Increase in anti-plant parasite infections owing to lack of fungal symbionts
Reduced efficiency in mineral nutrient absorption despite high soil fertility
Lower decomposition rate of dead matter due to lack of fungal enzyme activity