Continuity: Function has no breaks, jumps, or holes. | Differentiability: Function has a derivative at every point (smooth, no sharp corners or vertical tangents).

Removable: Limit exists, but doesn't equal f(c) or f(c) is undefined. | Jump: Left and right limits exist, but are not equal.

Continuous: Satisfies all three conditions for continuity at every point in its domain. | Discontinuous: Fails at least one of the three conditions for continuity at one or more points in its domain.

Left-hand limit: The value f(x) approaches as x approaches c from the left (x < c). | Right-hand limit: The value f(x) approaches as x approaches c from the right (x > c).

Continuity at a point: Function satisfies the three conditions for continuity at a specific x-value. | Continuity on an interval: Function is continuous at every point within that interval.

Rational function: Can have discontinuities where the denominator is zero. | Polynomial function: Continuous everywhere.

Vertical asymptote: Represents an infinite discontinuity where the function approaches infinity. | Hole: Represents a removable discontinuity where the function is undefined but the limit exists.

Direct substitution: Plug in the value directly into the function. Works for continuous functions. | Limit laws: Apply algebraic rules to simplify and evaluate limits, especially when direct substitution fails.

Intermediate Value Theorem: Guarantees a value between f(a) and f(b) for a continuous function on [a, b]. | Extreme Value Theorem: Guarantees a maximum and minimum value for a continuous function on [a, b].

Definition: Rigorous approach using limits and function values. | Graph: Visual approach identifying breaks, jumps, or holes.

A function f(x) is continuous at x=c if: 1) f(c) is defined, 2) $\lim_{x \to c} f(x)$ exists, and 3) $\lim_{x \to c} f(x) = f(c)$.

A function is discontinuous at x=c if at least one of the three conditions for continuity is not met: f(c) is undefined, $\lim_{x \to c} f(x)$ does not exist, or $\lim_{x \to c} f(x) \neq f(c)$.

The left-hand limit is the value that f(x) approaches as x approaches c from values less than c, denoted as $\lim_{x \to c^-} f(x)$.

The right-hand limit is the value that f(x) approaches as x approaches c from values greater than c, denoted as $\lim_{x \to c^+} f(x)$.

A removable discontinuity occurs when $\lim_{x \to c} f(x)$ exists, but either f(c) is undefined or $\lim_{x \to c} f(x) \neq f(c)$. It can be 'removed' by redefining f(c).

A jump discontinuity occurs when the left-hand limit and the right-hand limit both exist but are not equal: $\lim_{x \to c^-} f(x) \neq \lim_{x \to c^+} f(x)$.

An infinite discontinuity occurs when the function approaches infinity (or negative infinity) as x approaches c from either the left or right, often associated with vertical asymptotes.

An oscillating discontinuity occurs when the function oscillates infinitely many times near a point, preventing the limit from existing.

The domain of a function is the set of all possible input values (x-values) for which the function is defined.

The range of a function is the set of all possible output values (y-values) that the function can produce.

Continuity is crucial because it allows us to apply many theorems and techniques, such as the Intermediate Value Theorem and the Mean Value Theorem. It ensures predictable behavior of functions.

Each condition plays a specific role. f(c) being defined ensures there's a value at the point. The limit existing ensures the function approaches a single value. The limit equaling f(c) ensures there's no jump or hole.

For a function to be continuous at a point, the limit at that point must exist. This means the left-hand limit and the right-hand limit must be equal.

Visually, a function is continuous if its graph can be drawn without lifting your pen. There should be no jumps, breaks, or holes in the graph at the point in question.

If a function is differentiable at a point, it must also be continuous at that point. However, the converse is not always true; a function can be continuous but not differentiable (e.g., at a sharp corner).

Rational functions are discontinuous where the denominator is equal to zero, because division by zero is undefined. This creates a vertical asymptote or a hole in the graph.

The Intermediate Value Theorem states that if a function is continuous on a closed interval [a, b], then for any value k between f(a) and f(b), there exists a c in [a, b] such that f(c) = k. Continuity is a requirement for this theorem.

One-sided limits (left-hand and right-hand limits) are crucial for determining continuity at endpoints of intervals or at points where the function's definition changes. For continuity, both one-sided limits must exist and be equal to the function's value at that point.

Continuity is used in physics to model motion, in engineering to design structures, and in economics to analyze market trends. It ensures that models behave predictably and realistically.

Piecewise functions are defined by different expressions on different intervals. Continuity must be checked at the points where the function definition changes to ensure the pieces connect smoothly.