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  1. AP Calculus
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Define average rate of change.

Slope of the secant line between two points on a curve.

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Define average rate of change.

Slope of the secant line between two points on a curve.

Define instantaneous rate of change.

Slope of the tangent line at a single point; found using the derivative.

What is a secant line?

A line that intersects a curve at two or more points.

What is a tangent line?

A line that touches a curve at a single point, having the same slope as the curve at that point.

What is the derivative?

A measure of the instantaneous rate of change of a function.

Define limit in the context of derivatives.

The value that a function approaches as the input approaches some value.

What does f′(c)f'(c)f′(c) represent?

The instantaneous rate of change of f(x)f(x)f(x) at x=cx = cx=c.

What is the relationship between the tangent line and the derivative?

The derivative gives the slope of the tangent line at a specific point.

What is the average velocity?

The average rate of change of position with respect to time over an interval.

What is instantaneous velocity?

The instantaneous rate of change of position with respect to time at a specific moment.

How to find the average rate of change of f(x)=x3f(x) = x^3f(x)=x3 on [0,2][0, 2][0,2]?

  1. Calculate f(2)f(2)f(2) and f(0)f(0)f(0). 2. Apply the formula: f(2)−f(0)2−0\frac{f(2) - f(0)}{2 - 0}2−0f(2)−f(0)​. 3. Simplify to get the answer.

How to find the instantaneous rate of change of f(x)=3x2f(x) = 3x^2f(x)=3x2 at x=1x = 1x=1 using the limit definition?

  1. Set up the limit: lim⁡h→0f(1+h)−f(1)h\lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(1 + h) - f(1)}{h}limh→0​hf(1+h)−f(1)​. 2. Substitute f(x)=3x2f(x) = 3x^2f(x)=3x2. 3. Simplify and evaluate the limit.

Steps to find the equation of the tangent line to f(x)f(x)f(x) at x=ax=ax=a?

  1. Find f(a)f(a)f(a). 2. Find f′(x)f'(x)f′(x). 3. Find f′(a)f'(a)f′(a). 4. Use point-slope form: y−f(a)=f′(a)(x−a)y - f(a) = f'(a)(x - a)y−f(a)=f′(a)(x−a).

How to determine where a function has a horizontal tangent line?

  1. Find the derivative f′(x)f'(x)f′(x). 2. Set f′(x)=0f'(x) = 0f′(x)=0. 3. Solve for xxx.

How to find the average velocity of a particle given its position function s(t)s(t)s(t) over an interval [a,b][a, b][a,b]?

  1. Calculate s(b)s(b)s(b) and s(a)s(a)s(a). 2. Apply the formula: s(b)−s(a)b−a\frac{s(b) - s(a)}{b - a}b−as(b)−s(a)​. 3. Simplify to get the answer.

How to determine if a function is increasing or decreasing at a point?

  1. Find the derivative f′(x)f'(x)f′(x). 2. Evaluate f′(x)f'(x)f′(x) at the point. 3. If f′(x)>0f'(x) > 0f′(x)>0, increasing; if f′(x)<0f'(x) < 0f′(x)<0, decreasing.

How to approximate the instantaneous rate of change using average rate of change?

  1. Choose a small interval around the point. 2. Calculate the average rate of change over that interval. 3. This is an approximation of the instantaneous rate of change.

How to solve for the limit definition of a derivative?

  1. Substitute the function into the limit definition. 2. Simplify the numerator. 3. Cancel out the h term in the denominator. 4. Evaluate the limit.

How to find the instantaneous velocity at t=1 if s(t)=t2+3ts(t) = t^2 + 3ts(t)=t2+3t?

  1. Find the derivative s′(t)=2t+3s'(t) = 2t + 3s′(t)=2t+3. 2. Substitute t=1 into s′(t)s'(t)s′(t). 3. s′(1)=2(1)+3=5s'(1) = 2(1) + 3 = 5s′(1)=2(1)+3=5.

How to find the average rate of change of f(x)=x2+1f(x) = x^2 + 1f(x)=x2+1 from x = 0 to x = 2?

  1. Find f(2)=22+1=5f(2) = 2^2 + 1 = 5f(2)=22+1=5. 2. Find f(0)=02+1=1f(0) = 0^2 + 1 = 1f(0)=02+1=1. 3. Apply formula: 5−12−0=2\frac{5-1}{2-0} = 22−05−1​=2.

Explain average rate of change in context.

The average rate of change shows the average amount that a function changes over a given interval.

Explain instantaneous rate of change in context.

The instantaneous rate of change shows the exact amount that a function is changing at a specific point.

What is the geometric interpretation of the average rate of change?

The slope of the secant line connecting two points on the graph of the function.

What is the geometric interpretation of the instantaneous rate of change?

The slope of the tangent line at a specific point on the graph of the function.

What is the relationship between average and instantaneous rates of change?

The instantaneous rate of change is the limit of the average rate of change as the interval approaches zero.

How is the derivative related to the instantaneous rate of change?

The derivative of a function at a point is equal to the instantaneous rate of change at that point.

Why is the limit definition of the derivative important?

It provides a rigorous way to define the derivative and understand its meaning.

What does the sign of the derivative tell you?

The sign of the derivative indicates whether the function is increasing (positive) or decreasing (negative).

How can average rate of change be used in real-world applications?

It can be used to calculate average speeds, growth rates, or changes in quantities over time.

How can instantaneous rate of change be used in real-world applications?

It can be used to determine velocity at a specific time, reaction rates in chemistry, or the rate of change of a stock price.