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  1. AP Calculus
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How to find Δx\Delta xΔx given interval [a,b] and n?

Calculate Δx=b−an\Delta x = \frac{b-a}{n}Δx=nb−a​.

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How to find Δx\Delta xΔx given interval [a,b] and n?

Calculate Δx=b−an\Delta x = \frac{b-a}{n}Δx=nb−a​.

How to find xix_ixi​ for right Riemann sum?

Use the formula xi=a+iΔxx_i = a + i\Delta xxi​=a+iΔx.

Steps to convert Riemann sum to definite integral?

  1. Identify a, b, and f(x). 2. Express the limit of the Riemann sum in the form ∫abf(x)dx\int_a^b f(x) dx∫ab​f(x)dx.

How do you evaluate a Riemann sum with given function, interval, and n?

  1. Find Δx\Delta xΔx. 2. Find xix_ixi​. 3. Evaluate f(xi)f(x_i)f(xi​). 4. Compute ∑i=1nf(xi)Δx\sum_{i=1}^n f(x_i) \Delta x∑i=1n​f(xi​)Δx.

How to express a definite integral as the limit of a Riemann sum?

  1. Find Δx=b−an\Delta x = \frac{b-a}{n}Δx=nb−a​. 2. Find xi=a+iΔxx_i = a + i\Delta xxi​=a+iΔx. 3. Substitute xix_ixi​ into f(x)f(x)f(x). 4. Write the limit: lim⁡n→∞∑i=1nf(xi)Δx\lim_{n \to \infty} \sum_{i=1}^n f(x_i) \Delta xlimn→∞​∑i=1n​f(xi​)Δx.

How to find the summation notation for a right Riemann sum?

  1. Determine Δx=b−an\Delta x = \frac{b-a}{n}Δx=nb−a​. 2. Find xi=a+iΔxx_i = a + i\Delta xxi​=a+iΔx. 3. Evaluate f(xi)f(x_i)f(xi​). 4. Write the sum: ∑i=1nf(xi)Δx\sum_{i=1}^n f(x_i) \Delta x∑i=1n​f(xi​)Δx.

How to calculate the value of a Riemann sum with 10 subintervals?

  1. Calculate Δx\Delta xΔx. 2. Find xix_ixi​ for each subinterval. 3. Evaluate f(xi)f(x_i)f(xi​) for each xix_ixi​. 4. Sum the areas: ∑i=110f(xi)Δx\sum_{i=1}^{10} f(x_i) \Delta x∑i=110​f(xi​)Δx.

How to define Δx\Delta xΔx in terms of nnn when expressing a definite integral as a Riemann sum?

Use the formula Δx=b−an\Delta x = \frac{b-a}{n}Δx=nb−a​, where aaa and bbb are the limits of integration.

How to define xix_ixi​ in terms of nnn for a right Riemann sum?

Use the formula xi=a+iΔx=a+ib−anx_i = a + i\Delta x = a + i\frac{b-a}{n}xi​=a+iΔx=a+inb−a​, where aaa is the lower limit of integration.

How to express the definite integral as the limit of a right Riemann sum?

  1. Find Δx=b−an\Delta x = \frac{b-a}{n}Δx=nb−a​. 2. Find xi=a+iΔxx_i = a + i\Delta xxi​=a+iΔx. 3. Substitute xix_ixi​ into f(x)f(x)f(x). 4. Write the limit: lim⁡n→∞∑i=1nf(xi)Δx\lim_{n \to \infty} \sum_{i=1}^n f(x_i) \Delta xlimn→∞​∑i=1n​f(xi​)Δx.

Formula for Δx\Delta xΔx?

Δx=b−an\Delta x = \frac{b-a}{n}Δx=nb−a​

Formula for xix_ixi​ (right endpoint)?

xi=a+Δxcdotix_i = a + \Delta x cdot ixi​=a+Δxcdoti

General form of Left Riemann Sum?

∑i=0n−1Δxcdotf(xi)\sum_{i=0}^{n-1} {\Delta x}cdot{f({x_i})}∑i=0n−1​Δxcdotf(xi​)

General form of Right Riemann Sum?

∑i=1nΔxcdotf(xi)\sum_{i=1}^{n} {\Delta x}cdot{f({x_i})}∑i=1n​Δxcdotf(xi​)

Definite Integral as Limit of Riemann Sum?

lim⁡n→∞∑i=1nΔxcdotf(xi)=∫abf(x)dx\lim_{n\to \infty}\sum_{i=1}^{n} {\Delta x}cdot{f({x_i})}=\int_a^bf(x) dxlimn→∞​∑i=1n​Δxcdotf(xi​)=∫ab​f(x)dx

Area of i-th rectangle A(i) in Riemann sum?

A(i)=Δx∗f(xi)A(i) = \Delta x * f(x_i)A(i)=Δx∗f(xi​)

Formula for f(xi)f(x_i)f(xi​)?

Substitute xix_ixi​ into the original function f(x)f(x)f(x).

What is the formula for the area under the curve of f(x)?

∫abf(x)dx\int_a^b f(x) dx∫ab​f(x)dx

How to express a limit of a Riemann sum as a definite integral?

lim⁡n→∞∑i=1nf(xi)Δx=∫abf(x)dx\lim_{n \to \infty} \sum_{i=1}^n f(x_i) \Delta x = \int_a^b f(x) dxlimn→∞​∑i=1n​f(xi​)Δx=∫ab​f(x)dx

What is the formula for expressing the definite integral as the limit of a Riemann sum?

∫abf(x)dx=lim⁡n→∞∑i=1nf(a+iΔx)Δx\int_a^b f(x) dx = \lim_{n \to \infty} \sum_{i=1}^n f(a + i\Delta x) \Delta x∫ab​f(x)dx=limn→∞​∑i=1n​f(a+iΔx)Δx, where Δx=b−an\Delta x = \frac{b-a}{n}Δx=nb−a​

Why use Riemann Sums?

To approximate the area under a curve, especially when an exact formula is not available.

How does increasing 'n' affect Riemann Sums?

Increasing 'n' (number of subintervals) increases the accuracy of the approximation.

What is the relationship between Riemann Sums and Definite Integrals?

The definite integral is the limit of the Riemann sum as the number of subintervals approaches infinity.

Explain the concept of summation notation.

Summation notation provides a compact way to represent the sum of a series of terms, making calculations and manipulations more efficient.

Explain the connection between Riemann sums and definite integrals.

Definite integrals represent the exact area under a curve, which can be approximated by Riemann sums. As the number of subintervals approaches infinity, the Riemann sum converges to the definite integral.

Why is the limit needed when defining the definite integral using Riemann sums?

The limit ensures that the approximation becomes exact as the width of the rectangles approaches zero and the number of rectangles approaches infinity.

Describe how the choice of left or right endpoints affects the Riemann sum approximation.

Left endpoints may underestimate the area if the function is increasing, while right endpoints may overestimate. The opposite is true for decreasing functions.

What does the definite integral represent?

The definite integral represents the signed area between the curve of a function and the x-axis over a specified interval.

How does the width of the subintervals affect the accuracy of the Riemann sum?

Smaller subintervals generally lead to a more accurate approximation because they reduce the error between the rectangles and the curve.

What is the significance of expressing a definite integral as the limit of a Riemann sum?

It provides a rigorous definition of the definite integral and connects it to the concept of area under a curve, allowing for calculations and analysis of complex functions.