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  1. AP Calculus
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Volume of a solid with known cross-sections.

V=∫abA(x),dxV = \int_a^b A(x),dxV=∫ab​A(x),dx

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Volume of a solid with known cross-sections.

V=∫abA(x),dxV = \int_a^b A(x),dxV=∫ab​A(x),dx

Area of an equilateral triangle.

A=34s2A = \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4}s^2A=43​​s2

Volume of a solid with equilateral triangle cross sections.

V=∫ab34s2,dxV = \int_a^b \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4}s^2 ,dxV=∫ab​43​​s2,dx

Area of a right isosceles triangle.

A=12s2A = \frac{1}{2}s^2A=21​s2

Volume of a solid with right isosceles triangle cross sections.

V=∫ab12s2,dxV = \int_a^b \frac{1}{2}s^2 ,dxV=∫ab​21​s2,dx

Area of a semicircle.

A=12πr2A = \frac{1}{2}\pi r^2A=21​πr2

Volume of a solid with semicircular cross sections.

V=∫ab12πr2,dxV = \int_a^b \frac{1}{2}\pi r^2 ,dxV=∫ab​21​πr2,dx

How to find the side length s when the base is between two curves h(x) and g(x)?

s=h(x)−g(x)s = h(x) - g(x)s=h(x)−g(x)

How to find the radius r when the base is between two curves h(x) and g(x)?

r=h(x)−g(x)2r = \frac{h(x) - g(x)}{2}r=2h(x)−g(x)​

How to find the bounds of integration?

Set h(x)=g(x)h(x) = g(x)h(x)=g(x) and solve for x.

Steps to find the volume of a solid with equilateral triangle cross-sections.

  1. Find the side length s in terms of x. 2. Determine the bounds of integration [a, b]. 3. Set up the integral: V=∫ab34s2,dxV = \int_a^b \frac{\sqrt{3}}{4}s^2 ,dxV=∫ab​43​​s2,dx. 4. Evaluate the integral.

Steps to find the volume of a solid with semicircular cross-sections.

  1. Find the radius r in terms of x. 2. Determine the bounds of integration [a, b]. 3. Set up the integral: V=∫ab12πr2,dxV = \int_a^b \frac{1}{2}\pi r^2 ,dxV=∫ab​21​πr2,dx. 4. Evaluate the integral.

How to find the side length 's' when given two bounding functions h(x) and g(x).

  1. Identify the upper function h(x) and the lower function g(x). 2. Calculate s=h(x)−g(x)s = h(x) - g(x)s=h(x)−g(x).

How to find the radius 'r' when given two bounding functions h(x) and g(x).

  1. Identify the upper function h(x) and the lower function g(x). 2. Calculate r=h(x)−g(x)2r = \frac{h(x) - g(x)}{2}r=2h(x)−g(x)​.

Steps to find the bounds of integration.

  1. Set the two bounding functions equal to each other: h(x)=g(x)h(x) = g(x)h(x)=g(x). 2. Solve for x to find the intersection points.

Steps to set up the volume integral.

  1. Determine the area function A(x) based on the cross-section shape. 2. Identify the bounds of integration [a, b]. 3. Write the integral: V=∫abA(x),dxV = \int_a^b A(x) ,dxV=∫ab​A(x),dx.

How to evaluate the definite integral.

  1. Find the antiderivative of A(x). 2. Evaluate the antiderivative at the upper and lower bounds. 3. Subtract the value at the lower bound from the value at the upper bound.

How to handle complex integrals?

  1. Simplify the integrand. 2. Use u-substitution if possible. 3. Apply integration techniques such as integration by parts if needed.

How to check your answer?

  1. Ensure the units are correct (cubic units for volume). 2. Verify that the volume is positive. 3. Use a calculator or software to check the integral calculation.

What if the cross-sections are perpendicular to the y-axis?

  1. Express the bounding functions in terms of y. 2. Integrate with respect to y: V=∫cdA(y),dyV = \int_c^d A(y) ,dyV=∫cd​A(y),dy.

Define volume of a solid with known cross-sections.

The integral of the area function A(x) from a to b: V=∫abA(x),dxV = \int_a^b A(x),dxV=∫ab​A(x),dx

What is A(x)A(x)A(x) in the context of volumes by cross-sections?

A function representing the area of a cross-section perpendicular to the x-axis.

Define the side length 's' in the context of triangular cross sections.

The length of a side of the triangle that forms the cross-section, often determined by the difference between two functions.

What is 'r' in the context of semicircular cross sections?

The radius of the semicircle, often half the distance between two bounding functions.

Define the bounds of integration a and b.

The x-values that define the interval over which the solid exists, often found by intersection points of bounding curves.

What is the cross section?

A 2D shape obtained by slicing a 3D object.

What is the volume?

The amount of space occupied by a three-dimensional object or region of space, expressed in cubic units.

What is an equilateral triangle?

A triangle in which all three sides have the same length.

What is a right isosceles triangle?

A triangle that has a right angle and two sides of equal length.

What is a semicircle?

A half-circle, formed by cutting a circle in half through its center.