All Flashcards
What is the effect of a lower boiling point in distillation?
The substance evaporates first and is separated from the mixture.
What is the effect of a substance being insoluble in a solvent during filtration?
The substance is trapped by the filter paper.
What is the effect of high polarity on a compound in TLC with a nonpolar solvent?
The compound moves a shorter distance on the TLC plate.
Define a pure substance.
Composed of a single type of atom or molecule (e.g., Au, H₂O).
Define a mixture.
Composed of two or more elements or compounds physically combined.
Define a homogeneous mixture.
A mixture with uniform composition; individual components are not visible.
Define a heterogeneous mixture.
A mixture with non-uniform composition; different components are visible.
Define distillation.
Separation of liquid mixtures based on differences in boiling points.
Define filtration.
Separation of solids from liquids using a filter.
Define Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC).
Separation of mixtures based on attraction to solids/liquids or polarity differences.
Define Retention Factor () in TLC.
Ratio of the distance traveled by the component to the distance traveled by the solvent:
What are the general steps of distillation?
- Heat the liquid mixture. 2. The substance with the lowest boiling point evaporates. 3. Vapor is cooled and condenses. 4. Collect the separated liquid.
What are the steps of filtration?
- Prepare the filter. 2. Pour the mixture through the filter. 3. Liquid passes through. 4. Solid remains on the filter.
Outline the general steps of Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC).
- Spot the sample on the TLC plate. 2. Place the plate in a solvent. 3. Solvent moves up the plate by capillary action. 4. Components separate based on polarity. 5. Visualize the separated components.