All Flashcards
Compare homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.
Homogeneous: uniform composition, components not visible. Heterogeneous: non-uniform composition, components visible.
Differentiate between separation by distillation and filtration.
Distillation: separates liquids based on boiling points. Filtration: separates solids from liquids.
Compare polar and nonpolar substances in TLC.
Polar: Attracted to the polar stationary phase, moves less. Nonpolar: Attracted to the nonpolar mobile phase, moves more.
Define a pure substance.
Composed of a single type of atom or molecule (e.g., Au, H₂O).
Define a mixture.
Composed of two or more elements or compounds physically combined.
Define a homogeneous mixture.
A mixture with uniform composition; individual components are not visible.
Define a heterogeneous mixture.
A mixture with non-uniform composition; different components are visible.
Define distillation.
Separation of liquid mixtures based on differences in boiling points.
Define filtration.
Separation of solids from liquids using a filter.
Define Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC).
Separation of mixtures based on attraction to solids/liquids or polarity differences.
Define Retention Factor () in TLC.
Ratio of the distance traveled by the component to the distance traveled by the solvent:
What is the effect of a lower boiling point in distillation?
The substance evaporates first and is separated from the mixture.
What is the effect of a substance being insoluble in a solvent during filtration?
The substance is trapped by the filter paper.
What is the effect of high polarity on a compound in TLC with a nonpolar solvent?
The compound moves a shorter distance on the TLC plate.