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How does a buffer neutralize added acid (H+)?
The conjugate base (A-) reacts with H+ to form the weak acid (HA), preventing a large increase in [H+].
How does a buffer neutralize added base (OH-)?
The weak acid (HA) reacts with OH- to form the conjugate base (A-) and water (H2O), preventing a large increase in [OH-].
What are the steps to preparing a buffer solution?
1. Choose a weak acid/base system with a pKa close to the desired pH. 2. Mix the weak acid/base with its conjugate in comparable concentrations. 3. Adjust the pH with strong acid or base, if necessary.
What is the difference between buffer capacity and buffer effectiveness?
Buffer capacity is the amount of acid or base a buffer can neutralize. Buffer effectiveness is how well the buffer resists pH changes.
Compare how strong acids/bases and weak acids/bases affect buffer formation.
Strong acids/bases do NOT form buffers with their conjugates because their conjugates are too weak. Only weak acid/base pairs can create buffers.
What is the effect of adding a strong acid to a buffer solution?
The conjugate base in the buffer reacts with the added acid, minimizing the change in pH.
What is the effect of adding a strong base to a buffer solution?
The weak acid in the buffer reacts with the added base, minimizing the change in pH.
What happens if the concentrations of a weak acid and its conjugate base are not comparable in a solution?
The buffer will have a limited capacity to resist pH changes, especially if a strong acid or base is added that exceeds the concentration of the limiting component.
What is the effect of [weak acid] = [conjugate base]?
The buffer is at its maximum buffer capacity.