Acids and Bases

The operational range narrows down as there is an imbalance between acidic and basic components affecting neutrality.

The operational range remains unchanged since overall buffering action is determined by both components equally.

Doubling any single component causes total loss of buffering action making it ineffective over any range at all times.

The range extends but becomes asymmetric favoring either acidic or basic side depending on which component was doubled.

The salt K2SO4 is formed, leading to a decrease in solubility of other ions present in the solution.

The pH of the solution would increase as the solution becomes less acidic.

The pH of the solution would decrease as it becomes more alkaline.

The formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) leads to an oxidative environment within the solution.

The optimal temperature at which an enzyme works best in buffered solutions.

The exact midpoint on a titration curve where all reactants are consumed.

The negative logarithm of the Ka value for any strong acid.

The pH at which half the molecules are dissociated into their respective ions for a particular weak acid.

It is a buffer solution because NH3 is a weak acid and NaOH is its conjugate base

It is a buffer solution because NaOH is a strong base and NH3 is a strong acid

It is not a buffer solution NaOH is a strong base

It is not a buffer solution because NH3 is a weak acid and NaOH is not its conjugate base

Baking soda breaks down oil molecules making them easier to mix with vinegar without forming buffers.

Baking soda reacts with vinegar to form a buffer that stabilizes the mixture's pH, aiding emulsification.

Baking soda acts solely as a thickening agent and does not interact chemically with vinegar or oil regarding buffers.

Baking soda increases oil solubility in vinegar purely through physical agitation without involving any buffer action.

Ammonia (NH3) predominates due to the removal of H+ ions by the strong base.

Ammonium ion (NH4+) predominates because it is more stable than NH3 in basic conditions.

Both ammonia and ammonium ion concentrations remain equal as there's no reaction with the base.

Neither species predominate as they react with each other forming N2 gas and water instead.

They require less activation energy for reactions occurring near their pKa/pH.

They work equally well at any pH range since they can adjust rapidly.

Buffers stabilize pH most effectively around their pKa because that's when there is significant presence of both species (acid/base) required for neutralizing added acids/bases.

They lose their ability to resist changes in temperature rather than acidity/basicity.

Keep the pH of blood at a constant value

Provide a wide range of pH for biochemical processes to function

Prevent solutions from becoming too acidic during fermentation

Maintain an acidic pH in shampoos

Francium (Fr)

Carbon (C)

Nitrogen (N)

Oxygen (O)

The pH would remain completely unchanged, regardless of the amount of acid added.

The pH would decrease significantly as if no buffer were present.

The pH would increase significantly due to the neutralization reaction.

The pH would change slightly since the buffer can neutralize some of the added acid.