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What is the effect of a large positive ΔG° on K?
Results in a small K (K < 1), indicating a reactant-favored, nonspontaneous reaction.
What is the effect of a large negative ΔG° on K?
Results in a large K (K > 1), indicating a product-favored, spontaneous reaction.
What happens when ΔG = 0?
The reaction is at equilibrium.
What happens to the rate of forward and reverse reactions at equilibrium?
The rates become equal.
What happens to the spontaneity of a reaction if Q < K?
The reaction will proceed spontaneously in the forward direction to reach equilibrium.
What happens to the spontaneity of a reaction if Q > K?
The reaction will proceed spontaneously in the reverse direction to reach equilibrium.
Differentiate between ΔG° and ΔG.
ΔG°: Free energy change under standard conditions. | ΔG: Free energy change under nonstandard conditions.
Compare kinetic and thermodynamic definitions of equilibrium.
Kinetic: Forward and reverse rates are equal. | Thermodynamic: Minimum free energy (G).
Compare spontaneous and nonspontaneous reactions in terms of ΔG°.
Spontaneous: ΔG° < 0 | Nonspontaneous: ΔG° > 0
Compare the values of K for spontaneous and nonspontaneous reactions.
Spontaneous: K > 1 | Nonspontaneous: K < 1
Compare Q and K.
Q: Reaction quotient at any given time. | K: Equilibrium constant at equilibrium.
Define kinetic equilibrium.
Forward and reverse reaction rates are equal, resulting in constant reactant and product concentrations.
Define thermodynamic equilibrium.
The point of minimum free energy (G) in a reaction.
Define ΔG° (standard free energy change).
The change in free energy for a reaction under standard conditions.
Define ΔG (Gibbs Free Energy).
The free energy change under nonstandard conditions.
Define the reaction quotient, Q.
A measure of the relative amount of products and reactants present in a reaction at any given time. Used to determine if a reaction is at equilibrium.
Define the equilibrium constant, K.
The ratio of products to reactants at equilibrium. Indicates the extent to which a reaction proceeds to completion.