Intermolecular Forces and Properties

X-rays.

Infrared (IR).

Ultraviolet (UV).

Radio waves.

Microwaves

Radio waves

Visible light

Infrared radiation

The energy gap is larger for the molecule absorbing light with a longer wavelength.

Both molecules have identical energy gaps between their ground and excited states.

The energy gap is smaller for the molecule absorbing light with a longer wavelength.

No inference can be made about the energy gaps from the wavelengths of absorbed light.

A proton moves to a lower energy level, absorbing a photon of energy.

An electron moves to a lower energy level, emitting a photon of energy.

An electron moves to a higher energy level, absorbing a photon of energy.

A proton moves to a higher energy level, emitting a photon of energy.

infrared

microwave

x-rays

visible light

Atomic absorption spectroscopy

Atomic emission spectroscopy

Molecular fluorescence spectroscopy

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Electronic transitions in molecules.

The polarity of molecules.

Bond angles in molecules.

Molecular weight.

The atom immediately emits gamma radiation

The nucleus becomes unstable

An electron moves to a higher energy level

An electron loses kinetic energy

Rotational

Vibrational

Electronic

Magnetic

Increased spin-lattice relaxation time T₁ causing broadened NMR peaks.

Improved resolution due to decreased proton-proton interaction through hydrogen bonding with solvent molecules.

Shifts in chemical shifts towards lower field strength due to increased shielding effects.

Reduced signal-to-noise ratio because nonpolar solutes dissolve poorly in polar solvents.