Intermolecular Forces and Properties

Dalton's model proposed that atoms are divisible, while Rutherford's model proposed they are indivisible.

Dalton's model included a dense, positive nucleus, while Rutherford's model did not.

Dalton's model described atoms as tiny, indestructible balls, while Rutherford's model showed atoms are mostly empty space with a dense, positive nucleus.

Dalton's model explained the existence of electrons, while Rutherford's model did not.

The observation that atoms emit light when heated.

The observation that alpha particles pass through gold foil with only slight deflection.

The discovery of the neutron.

The measurement of the electron's charge by Millikan's Oil Drop experiment.

3.31 \times 10^{-48} J

1.33 \times 10^{-18} J

3.31 \times 10^{48} J

1.33 \times 10^{18} J

1.00 \times 10^{10} Hz

1.00 \times 10^{12} Hz

1.00 \times 10^{15} Hz

1.00 \times 10^{18} Hz

2.66 \times 10^{5} J

2.66 \times 10^{-19} J

2.66 \times 10^{8} J

2.66 \times 10^{2} J

The emission of light from a metal surface when heated.

The emission of electrons from a metal surface when exposed to light of a certain minimum frequency.

The reflection of light from a metal surface.

The absorption of light by a metal surface.

Because the kinetic energy of ejected electrons depends on the intensity of light.

Because the number of ejected electrons depends on the frequency of light.

Because electrons are only ejected if the light's frequency is above a certain threshold, suggesting that light comes in discrete packets (photons) with sufficient energy to overcome the binding energy of the electrons.

Because light can be diffracted.

The number of electrons ejected decreases.

The number of electrons ejected remains the same.

The number of electrons ejected increases.

The kinetic energy of the ejected electrons increases.

9.25 \times 10^{-19} J

1.72 \times 10^{-18} J

4.0 \times 10^{-19} J

1.33 \times 10^{-19} J

9.01 \times 10^{14} Hz

1.50 \times 10^{15} Hz

5.99 \times 10^{14} Hz

2.12 \times 10^{15} Hz