Equilibrium
What would be an example of applying Le Chatelier's principle to a solution in which silver chloride is dissolved and how it impacts solubility?
Diluting with water increases Ag+ concentration.
Adding NaCl results in lower AgCl solubility.
Heating up decreases AgCl solubility.
Introducing AgNO3 has no effect on AgCl solubility.
Which quantity refers to the disorder or randomness in a system?
Internal energy
Entropy
Enthalpy
Free energy
What is the result on the molar solubility of silver chloride when adding a concentrated solution of sodium chloride to it?
Molar solubility increases as more AgCl dissolves to restore equilibrium.
Molar solubility decreases due to an increase in Cl- concentration.
Molar solubility increases due to sodium ions promoting dissolution of AgCl.
Molar solubility remains constant because AgCl is already sparingly soluble.
How would adding NH4Cl affect the pH in an ammonia-ammonium chloride buffer system?
The pH would increase as Cl- acts as a base accepting protons from water molecules.
The pH would decrease due to increased NH4+ concentration driving ammonia deprotonation backwards.
The addition will cause both NH4+ and Cl- concentrations to drop equally, leaving pH unaffected.
There would be no change in pH since ammonium chloride does not alter ammonia's basicity directly.
What contribution does increasing reactant concentration make during a reversible reaction at constant temperature and volume?
It drives the shift towards product formation until a new equilibrium is established.
It suppresses other pathways not involved in the main reaction.
It increases only the speed of unimolecular steps in the process.
It directly alters the activation energy required for the overall reaction to proceed.
Given a silver chloride solution, which compound could be added to increase the precipitation of silver chloride?
Iron perchlorate
Sodium chloride
Lithium oxide
Sodium hydroxide
If silver chloride, AgCl, is dissolved in a solution already containing a high concentration of Cl⁻ ions, how is the solubility of AgCl affected compared to its solubility in pure water?
Increased due to an increase in enthalpy.
Unchanged because chloride ions do not affect equilibrium.
Decreased due to the common ion effect.
Increased due to a reduction in entropy.

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In a buffered solution containing acetic acid and sodium acetate, how does adding more sodium acetate affect pH?
pH significantly decreases as excess sodium ions react with acetic acid molecules.
pH slightly decreases because sodium acetate dissociates into hydroxide ions that lower H+ concentration.
pH remains constant as added sodium acetate doesn't alter overall acidity or basicity.
pH slightly increases due to additional acetate anions reacting with hydronium ions.
In terms of molar solubility, how would you expect it to change for calcium fluoride (CaF2) when sodium fluoride (NaF), a source of common ions, is added?
The molar solubility would decrease as F- from NaF shifts equilibrium leftward.
The molar solubility remains constant as CaF2 is unaffected by foreign substances.
Molar solubility cannot be determined without knowing specific reaction rates for CaF2 and NaF interaction.
The molar solubility would increase because Na+ stabilizes F- in solution.
Which compound would experience a decrease in molar solubility when NH4NO3 is added to its saturated solution at constant temperature?
Ammonium carbonate ((NH4)2CO3)
Barium sulfate (BaSO4)
Calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2)
Lithium bromide (LiBr)