Applications of Thermodynamics

Solids have higher enthalpy than liquids and gases.

Solids are more miscible than liquids and gases.

Solids have equal entropy as liquids and gases.

Solids have lower entropy than liquids and gases.

Shift towards lower probability densities near equilibrium position as partitional contribution from rotational modes becomes relevant

Increased narrowing of positional probabilities due decreased reliance on vibrational states far from equilibrium

No change in positional probabilities since changes in kinetic energy do not affect confinement potentials

Increased broadening of positional probabilities due to higher kinetic energies allowing access to wider range of positions

Liquid water spontaneously freezing into ice below its freezing point while releasing heat into its surroundings.

Evaporation of ethanol at ambient pressure and temperature resulting from increased vapor pressure above its liquid form.

A hot piece of metal cooling down to room temperature by releasing thermal energy into its environment.

An exothermic reaction where reactants form products that occupy lesser volume than initial substances combined.

Ice melting into water at 0°C.

Gas expanding into a vacuum.

A liquid solidifying into solid crystals lattice.

Water Vapor condensing into dew on a grass blade.

It decreases

It fluctuates unpredictably

It stays the same

It increases

It fluctuates unpredictably.

It remains constant.

It increases.

It decreases.

It is equal in magnitude and same in sign.

It is greater in magnitude and opposite in sign.

It is equal in magnitude but opposite in sign.

It is less in magnitude but opposite in sign.

C6H12O6(s) reacting with O2(g) to form CO(g) and H2O(g).

An ice cube melting at room temperature.

A gas condensing to form a liquid at low temperatures.

HCl(aq) reacting with NaOH(aq) to form saltwater and heat.

Increased volume decreases the positional probability of gaseous molecules, so entropy increases

Solids experience more dispersion of energy in a larger volume, so entropy increases

Entropy increases if there is more free space for matter to disperse, so increased volume increases entropy

Entropy decreases if there is more dispersion of matter, so a larger volume would decrease entropy.

The freezing of water into ice at 0°C.

The condensation of steam to liquid water at 100°C.

The dissolution of table salt (NaCl) in water at room temperature.

The sublimation of solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) into gaseous CO2 at room temperature.