Applications of Thermodynamics
If a molecule exhibits strong hydrogen bonding, what types of atoms are most likely present in its structure?
Oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine bonded to hydrogen
Phosphorus bonded to chlorine
Sulfur bonded to oxygen
Carbon bonded to hydrogen
Based on their positions in the periodic table, which element has the greatest ability to gain electrons (reduce)?
Fluorine (F)
Nitrogen (N)
Carbon (C)
Oxygen (O)
Which formula represents the relationship between cell potential, Gibbs free energy change, and charge transported during an electrochemical reduction or oxidation reaction?
Cp = Q/T * Ecell
Σ = RT/Ecell
ΔG = -nFEcell
K = nFEcell/RT
When comparing two electrodes made from metals M_1_ and M__2_, if metal M_1 has a much higher melting point than metal M__2_, which property most likely contributes to M__1 having a greater standard electrode potential?
Lower ionization energy signifying easier loss of valence electrons
Larger atomic size leading to weaker attractions between core electrons
Greater lattice enthalpy indicating stronger metallic bonding within M___1_
Higher density implying closer packed atoms that could delocalize electrons
Considering nonstandard conditions involving high pressures applied solely onto gaseous species partaking oxidation portion redox reactions present within voltaic setups running room temps how will resultant galvanics' energies deviate expected norms based standards state assumption?
Pressures added result no discernible impact concerning energies produced due alterations cancel out leaving net effects nullified
Increased pressuring leads diminishing returns upon energies since compressed gas molecules impede full electronic transfers needing happen across interfaces hence dropping outputs
Cell potentials increase owing pressurized gases shifting equilibrium causing enhanced oxidation strength thus augmenting total EMF obtainable
High pressured scenarios yield reduced energie due gas phase compressions affecting solvation parameters negatively impacting conductivity throughout system’s breadth lowering overall performance metrics possible
In the equation ΔG° = -nFE°, n represents...
the standard cell potential
the standard free energy change of the electrochemical reaction
the Faraday constant
the number of electrons transferred in the reaction
Given a galvanic cell with an unknown metal electrode, if the standard reduction potential for the cathode reaction is 0.34 V and the measured cell potential is 0.68 V, which metal could be the anode?
Zinc (Zn), with E° = -0.76 V.
Silver (Ag), with E° = +0.80 V.
Iron (Fe), with E° = -0.44 V.
Copper (Cu), with E° = +0.34 V.

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Considering thermodynamics how might changing temperature impact relationship between equilibrium constants & corresponding Nernst equation derived potentials ?
Makes no noticeable differences unless extremely high low temperatures encountered
Results exclusively lowered values due inverse nature thermal entropy contributions
Always leads direct proportional increase regardless system specifics
Alters balance dynamic causing either increased decreased depending direction shift determined sign enthalpy change
What effect does decreasing both reactant concentrations equally have on free energy (ΔG) for a nonstandard electrochemical cell under constant temperature and pressure?
ΔG becomes more negative since lower reactant concentrations favor product formation in spontaneous reactions.
ΔG remains unchanged because both Q and Ecell are unaffected by equal changes in reactant concentrations.
ΔG increases because lowering reactant concentrations reduces Ecell according to Nernst equation.
ΔG becomes less negative as decreasing reactant concentrations implies that fewer products can be formed from reactions.
How would increasing the temperature affect the free energy change (ΔG) for an electrochemical reaction if it is already spontaneous at room temperature?
ΔG will always increase due to higher kinetic energy overcoming activation barriers.
ΔG remains unchanged because spontaneity is a state function independent of temperature.
ΔG may become more negative if entropy increases significantly with temperature.
ΔG becomes positive as elevated temperatures disrupt electrostatic attractions in cells.